Upgrade Base docker images

[cwlacewe]

This issue is related to upgrading docker images to support gcc-13. If we upgrade TileDB for GCC-13 and Ubuntu 24.04 support (#289) we need to upgrade all Dockerfiles as well.

Things to consider:

• Ubuntu 24.04 (Noble Numbat) is equivalent to Debian 13 (Trixie)
• Debian 13 (Trixie) is in development and expected to release sometime this year (2025)
• Currently, we use debian:12-slim as the base docker image (Debian 12; Bookworm) which is stable version and won't reach EOL until June 2026
• If TileDB Fails to compile on GCC-13/Ubuntu 24.04 #289 is implemented, we need to plan this for same release

OS Important Dates

Name	Code Name	Release Date	End of Standard Support Date	Debian/Ubuntu Equivalent
Ubuntu 20.04	Focal Fossa	April 2020	May 2025	Debian 11
Ubuntu 22.04	Jammy Jellyfish	April 2022	April 2027	Debian 12
Ubuntu 24.04	Noble Numbat	April 2024	April 2029	Debian 13
Debian 11	Bullseye	August 2021	Aug 2024	Ubuntu 20.04
Debian 12	Bookworm	June 2023	June 2026	Ubuntu 22.04
Debian 13	Trixie	TBA	TBA	Ubuntu 24.04

Resources

• Debian Releases
• Ubuntu Releases Cycle
• Ubuntu/Debian Mapping