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<div id="header">
<h1 class="title toc-ignore">Methods</h1>
</div>
<p>The idea of the <a href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald">Typological
Atlas of Daghestan</a> was to create a tool for the visualization of
linguistic features typical of the languages of Daghestan.</p>
<p>Although the language sample underlying <a
href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald">TALD</a> has grown to include a number
of neighboring languages (more on that in <a
href="#Language-sample">Language sample</a> below), the core of the
project remains Daghestan.</p>
<p>Our aim is to achieve maximum coverage of languages and dialects.
Datasets on particular topics should be updatable, so that our map
visualizations become incrementally more accurate. In order to make the
resource updatable, contributors can choose to maintain the right to
approve or reject any proposed updates or corrections, or they can
choose to waive that right. Note that if you want to stay involved, this
also entails a responsibility to review and reply to propositions within
a certain time frame. See <a href="steps.html">Step 5</a> on how to
propose changes to a dataset or chapter that is already published.</p>
<p>Data on linguistic features is collected primarily from descriptive
literature. As a result, the Atlas can also be helpful in
bibliographical research.</p>
<div id="datapoints" class="section level1">
<h1>Datapoints</h1>
<p>The initial approach of <a href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald">TALD</a>
assigned one value for a linguistic feature to each language, based on a
representative doculect.</p>
<p>This information could then be mapped onto generalized language
datapoints, or all villages where the language in question is
spoken.</p>
<p>Below are two possible visualizations for the same dummy feature: the
initial consonant of various cognates meaning ‘bridge’.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="images/walsex.png" alt="General language datapoints vs. village datapoints" width="40%" height="20%" /><img src="images/taldex.png" alt="General language datapoints vs. village datapoints" width="40%" height="20%" />
<p class="caption">
General language datapoints vs. village datapoints
</p>
</div>
<center>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>language</th>
<th>feature</th>
<th>value</th>
<th>form</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Avar</td>
<td>Initial consonant of ‘bridge’</td>
<td>ƛ’</td>
<td>ƛ’o</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Khwarshi</td>
<td>Initial consonant of ‘bridge’</td>
<td>t’</td>
<td>t’eru</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Karata</td>
<td>Initial consonant of ‘bridge’</td>
<td>ƛ’</td>
<td>ƛ’eru</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<p>A benefit of the visualization on the right is that it shows the
distribution and size of language communities more accurately. A
drawback is that it leads to gross overgeneralization and erases
dialectal differences, because it is not based on more data than the
visualization on the left.</p>
<p>All of the Avar villages, for example, are colored according to data
from Standard Avar, while we know that ‘bridge’ in the Zaqatala dialect
spoken in Northern Azerbaijan is pronounced <em>kːjo</em>. These
villages should thus have a different value.</p>
</div>
<div id="current-approach" class="section level1">
<h1>Current approach</h1>
<p>To improve the accuracy of our visualizations, we currently collect
all attested values for a given feature, taking into account any idiom
we have data on, including standard languages, dialects spoken in
multiple villages and single-village idioms.</p>
<p><strong>The visualization shows the most accurate level of
granularity available for each village / point on the map.</strong></p>
<p>For example, the Andi language is spoken in 17 villages. There are 9
main villages, each of which has its own idiom. These can be divided
into two main dialects: Upper Andi and Lower Andi. In addition, there
are 8 villages for which we have no information on the variety spoken
there.</p>
<p>Now let us look at a relatively straightforward linguistic feature
like <strong>Number of noun classes</strong>, for which we have general
data on both the Upper and Lower dialects, and more accurate information
on several villages from the Upper group. One of these villages
(Rikvani) even has a value that differs from the other varieties we have
data for.</p>
<p>The table below summarizes the different values observed for the
language, divided by type of idiom (the number of noun classes is
indicated between brackets and each value is color-coded).</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="25%" />
<col width="51%" />
<col width="22%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Language</th>
<th>Toplevel dialect</th>
<th>Village</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Andi <span style="color:Firebrick">●</span> (5)</td>
<td>Upper Andi <span style="color:Firebrick">●</span> (5)</td>
<td>Rikvani <span style="color:Thistle">●</span> (6)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td>Lower Andi <span style="color:MistyRose">●</span> (3)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The diagram below shows the dialect grouping of Andi villages and
their values for the noun class feature. At the center is the language
as a whole: it has the same value as the Upper group and the eponymous
village dialect of Andi, which are most representative of the language
as a whole. On the map, the unclassified Andi villages (colored grey in
the scheme below) will be colored according to the general language
information.</p>
<div class="grViz html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-3e4b586ddcd42aebf57d" style="width:672px;height:480px;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-3e4b586ddcd42aebf57d">{"x":{"diagram":"digraph {\n \ngraph[layout = neato, rankdir = LR]\n\nnode [fontsize = 14,\n shape = oval, \n style = filled, \n fillcolor = Firebrick, \n fontcolor = white,\n color = Firebrick]\n \n# language \n Andi\n\nnode [fontsize = 10]\n\n# dialects\n Upper\n \nnode [shape = oval, \n style = filled, \n fillcolor = WhiteSmoke, \n fontcolor = black,\n color = WhiteSmoke]\n Other\n \nnode [shape = oval, \n style = filled, \n fillcolor = MistyRose, \n fontcolor = black,\n color = MistyRose]\n \n Lower\n\n# Andi-Upper-Villages\n\nnode [fontsize = 8,\n shape = oval,\n style = filled, \n fillcolor = Firebrick, \n fontcolor = white,\n color = Firebrick]\nChanko\nZilo\nAshali\nAndiv [label = \"Andi\"]\nGunkha\nGagatli\n\n# Rikvani\n\nnode [shape = oval,\n style = filled, \n fillcolor = Thistle, \n fontcolor = black,\n color = Thistle]\nRikvani\n\n# Lower villages\n\nnode [shape = oval, \n style = filled, \n fillcolor = MistyRose, \n fontcolor = black,\n color = MistyRose]\n\nKvankhidatli\nMuni\n\n# Other villages\n\nnode [shape = oval, \n style = filled, \n fillcolor = WhiteSmoke, \n fontcolor = black,\n color = WhiteSmoke]\nMekheturi\nShivor\nKhando\nRushukha\nNovogagatli\nAytkhan\nDzhugut\nTsibilta\n\nedge [color = black, arrowhead = none]\n\nAndi -> {Other, Upper, Lower}\n\nOther -> {Mekheturi, Shivor, Rushukha, Khando, Tsibilta, Novogagatli, Aytkhan, Dzhugut}\nUpper -> {Andiv, Rikvani, Gagatli, Zilo, Ashali, Chanko, Gunkha} \nLower -> {Muni, Kvankhidatli}\n \n}","config":{"engine":"dot","options":null}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
<p>The coverage of the Atlas is far from sufficient because we lack data
for many dialects, and we do not know the dialect affiliation of a large
number of villages in the area. We compensate for this shortcoming by
encoding the level of accuracy/granularity for each datapoint, and
allowing the user to toggle which levels to display (see <a
href="#Map-visualization">Map visualization</a> below). Ideally, our
datasets will be updated when new information becomes available.</p>
</div>
<div id="map-visualization"
class="section level1 tabset tabset-fade tabset-pills">
<h1 class="tabset tabset-fade tabset-pills">Map visualization</h1>
<p><a href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald">TALD</a> currently offers three
different map visualizations:</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><strong>General datapoints</strong> displays one datapoint for each
language in the sample, showing the language affiliation (inner dot) and
the value for the linguistic feature (outer dot) for each point.</li>
<li><strong>Extrapolated data</strong> represents each language as a
cluster of dots, which correspond to villages where a certain language
is spoken.</li>
<li><strong>Data granularity</strong> allows the user to show only
certain levels of data accuracy for the feature. For example, you can
uncheck “language” to remove all the dots that were colored according to
general information about the language in the absence of more accurate
data. In this case it will remove all Andi villages that have no dialect
classification.</li>
</ol>
<p>You can click on a datapoint to view a pop-up window with the name of
the language (with a link to the <a
href="https://glottolog.org">Glottolog</a> database), the village, the
granularity of data used to color this datapoint, and the value.</p>
<div id="general-datapoints" class="section level2">
<h2>1. General datapoints</h2>
<div class="leaflet html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-6bf23710d90ce17c35f2" style="width:672px;height:480px;"></div>
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</div>
<div id="extrapolated-data" class="section level2">
<h2>2. Extrapolated data</h2>
<div class="leaflet html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-e92330e8459cf8f23022" style="width:672px;height:480px;"></div>
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href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Andi <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Rikvani <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 6","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Zilo <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Muni <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Kvankhidatli <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Chanko <br> 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target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Khando <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Shivor <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Tsibilta <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5"],null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addCircleMarkers","args":[[42.7856,42.782304,42.731394,42.680242,42.65789,42.717936,42.76963,42.78968,42.800361,42.70556,42.71509,42.72694,42.714662,42.74322],[46.2639,46.319372,46.319223,46.308874,46.271742,46.246417,46.30878,46.28275,46.292645,46.2375,46.28112,46.23361,46.256637,46.24311],5.75,null,["","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],{"interactive":true,"className":"","stroke":false,"color":["#B22222","#D8BFD8","#B22222","#FFE4E1","#FFE4E1","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222"],"weight":5,"opacity":0.5,"fill":true,"fillColor":["#B22222","#D8BFD8","#B22222","#FFE4E1","#FFE4E1","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222","#B22222"],"fillOpacity":1},null,null,["<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Andi <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Rikvani <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 6","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Zilo <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Muni <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Kvankhidatli <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Chanko <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Ashali <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Gunkha <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Gagatli <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Mekheturi <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Rushukha <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Khando <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Shivor <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Tsibilta <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5"],null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"right","opacity":1,"offset":[7.5,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":true,"style":{"font-size":"15px","font-family":"sans-serif"},"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addCircleMarkers","args":[[42.7856,42.782304,42.731394,42.680242,42.65789,42.717936,42.76963,42.78968,42.800361,42.70556,42.71509,42.72694,42.714662,42.74322],[46.2639,46.319372,46.319223,46.308874,46.271742,46.246417,46.30878,46.28275,46.292645,46.2375,46.28112,46.23361,46.256637,46.24311],5,null,["","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],{"interactive":true,"className":"","stroke":false,"color":"#03F","weight":1,"opacity":0.5,"fill":true,"fillColor":["#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366","#003366"],"fillOpacity":1},null,null,["<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Andi <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Rikvani <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 6","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Zilo <br> <b>Data:<\/b> village dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Muni <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Kvankhidatli <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 3","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Chanko <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Ashali <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Gunkha <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Gagatli <br> <b>Data:<\/b> toplevel dialect <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Mekheturi <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Rushukha <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Khando <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Shivor <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5","<a href='https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/andi1255' target='_blank'>Andi<\/a><br><b>Village:<\/b> Tsibilta <br> <b>Data:<\/b> language <br> <b>Value:<\/b> 5"],null,["Andi","Rikvani","Zilo","Muni","Kvankhidatli","Chanko","Ashali","Gunkha","Gagatli","Mekheturi","Rushukha","Khando","Shivor","Tsibilta"],{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"right","opacity":1,"offset":[7.5,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":true,"style":{"font-size":"15px","font-family":"sans-serif"},"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addScaleBar","args":[{"maxWidth":100,"metric":true,"imperial":true,"updateWhenIdle":true,"position":"bottomleft"}]},{"method":"addLegend","args":[{"colors":["#003366"],"labels":["Andi"],"na_color":null,"na_label":"NA","opacity":1,"position":"topright","type":"factor","title":"Language","extra":null,"layerId":null,"className":"info legend","group":null}]},{"method":"addLegend","args":[{"colors":["#FFE4E1","#B22222","#D8BFD8"],"labels":["3","5","6"],"na_color":null,"na_label":"NA","opacity":1,"position":"bottomleft","type":"factor","title":"Number of noun classes","extra":null,"layerId":null,"className":"info 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</div>
<div id="data-granularity" class="section level2">
<h2>3. Data granularity</h2>
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<div id="language-sample" class="section level1">
<h1>Language sample</h1>
<p>As mentioned earlier, <a href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald">TALD</a>
was originally conceived of as a resource about the languages of
Daghestan.</p>
<p><a
href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LingConLab/TALD/refs/heads/master/data/tald_villages.csv">The
East Caucasian villages dataset</a> – a dataset that contains a list of
villages in the eastern Caucasus, their coordinates, and the languages
spoken there – was created as a basis for visualizations in the Atlas.
Initially it covered all villages of Daghestan and some East Caucasian
speaking communities in Georgia and Northern Azerbaijan.</p>
<p>Villages of Chechnya and Ingushetia, and several more communities in
Azerbaijan and Georgia, were added later. It was relevant to include
these extra datapoints outside of Daghestan for the development of areal
hypotheses.</p>
<p><a href="https://lingconlab.ru/tald/languages.html">Here</a> is a
list of the languages included in our sample.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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