From cc87da63d7173e0ba40e9ddfadee304af965988e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: QuimMoya <q.moya@hotmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 07:23:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Add mesh orientation repair (two-layer voting algorithm)

---
 examples/viewer/index.html                    |   1 +
 examples/viewer/web-ifc-three.ts              |  80 ++-
 examples/viewer/web-ifc-viewer.ts             |  36 +-
 package.json                                  |   4 +-
 src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp                 | 102 ++++
 .../operations/mesh-orientation-repair.cpp    | 548 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h      | 112 ++++
 src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts                         | 103 ++++
 8 files changed, 966 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.cpp
 create mode 100644 src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h

diff --git a/examples/viewer/index.html b/examples/viewer/index.html
index 3af3f1253..92e31e970 100644
--- a/examples/viewer/index.html
+++ b/examples/viewer/index.html
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
         <input type="file" id="finput">
         <input type="button" id="cmem" value="Clear Memory"/>
         <input type="button" id="rcode" value="Reset Editor"/>
+        <input type="button" id="repairfaces" value="Repair Faces"/>
         Log Level: <select id="logLevel">
                         <option value="6">Off</option>
                         <option value="4" selected>Error</option>
diff --git a/examples/viewer/web-ifc-three.ts b/examples/viewer/web-ifc-three.ts
index 4168903d9..13039a281 100644
--- a/examples/viewer/web-ifc-three.ts
+++ b/examples/viewer/web-ifc-three.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export class IfcThree
      * @scene Threejs Scene object
      * @modelID Model handle retrieved by OpenModel, model must not be closed
     */
-    public LoadAllGeometry(scene: THREE.Scene, modelID: number) {
+    public LoadAllGeometry(scene: THREE.Scene, modelID: number, repair: boolean = false) {
 
         const startUploadingTime = ms();
 
@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ export class IfcThree
         let geometries = [];
         let transparentGeometries = [];
 
+        // Repair stats accumulator (only used if repair=true).
+        let repairTotals = {
+            processed: 0,
+            flipped: 0,
+            componentsLowConfidence: 0,
+            worstMargin: 0,
+        };
+
         this.ifcAPI.StreamAllMeshes(modelID, (mesh: FlatMesh) => {
             // only during the lifetime of this function call, the geometry is available in memory
             const placedGeometries = mesh.geometries;
@@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ export class IfcThree
             for (let i = 0; i < placedGeometries.size(); i++)
             {
                 const placedGeometry = placedGeometries.get(i);
-                let mesh = this.getPlacedGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry);
+                let mesh = this.getPlacedGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry, repair, repairTotals);
                 let geom = mesh.geometry.applyMatrix4(mesh.matrix);
                 if (placedGeometry.color.w !== 1)
                 {
@@ -62,11 +70,20 @@ export class IfcThree
             //console.log(this.ifcAPI.wasmModule.HEAPU8.length);
         });
 
+        if (repair) {
+            console.log(
+                `[RepairFaces] processed ${repairTotals.processed} geometries, ` +
+                `flipped ${repairTotals.flipped} triangles, ` +
+                `${repairTotals.componentsLowConfidence} low-confidence components, ` +
+                `worst margin ${repairTotals.worstMargin.toFixed(4)}`
+            );
+        }
+
         console.log("Loading "+geometries.length+" geometries and "+transparentGeometries.length+" transparent geometries");
         if (geometries.length > 0)
         { 
             const combinedGeometry = BufferGeometryUtils.mergeGeometries(geometries);
-            let mat = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({side:THREE.DoubleSide});
+            let mat = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({side:THREE.FrontSide});
             mat.vertexColors = true;
             const mergedMesh = new THREE.Mesh(combinedGeometry, mat);
             scene.add(mergedMesh);
@@ -75,7 +92,7 @@ export class IfcThree
         if (transparentGeometries.length > 0)
         {
             const combinedGeometryTransp = BufferGeometryUtils.mergeGeometries(transparentGeometries);
-            let matTransp = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({side:THREE.DoubleSide});
+            let matTransp = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({side:THREE.FrontSide});
             matTransp.vertexColors = true;
             matTransp.transparent = true;
             matTransp.opacity = 0.5;
@@ -96,8 +113,13 @@ export class IfcThree
         return flatMeshes;
     }
     
-    private getPlacedGeometry(modelID: number, placedGeometry: PlacedGeometry) {
-        const geometry = this.getBufferGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry);
+    private getPlacedGeometry(
+        modelID: number,
+        placedGeometry: PlacedGeometry,
+        repair: boolean = false,
+        repairTotals?: { processed: number; flipped: number; componentsLowConfidence: number; worstMargin: number; }
+    ) {
+        const geometry = this.getBufferGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry, repair, repairTotals);
         const material = this.getMeshMaterial(placedGeometry.color);
         const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
         mesh.matrix = this.getMeshMatrix(placedGeometry.flatTransformation);
@@ -105,16 +127,40 @@ export class IfcThree
         return mesh;
     }
     
-    private getBufferGeometry(modelID: number, placedGeometry: PlacedGeometry) {
-        // WARNING: geometry must be deleted when requested from WASM
-        const geometry = this.ifcAPI.GetGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry.geometryExpressID);
-        const verts = this.ifcAPI.GetVertexArray(geometry.GetVertexData(), geometry.GetVertexDataSize());
-        const indices = this.ifcAPI.GetIndexArray(geometry.GetIndexData(), geometry.GetIndexDataSize());
-        const bufferGeometry = this.ifcGeometryToBuffer(placedGeometry.color, verts, indices);
-
-        //@ts-ignore
-        geometry.delete();
-        return bufferGeometry;
+    private getBufferGeometry(
+        modelID: number,
+        placedGeometry: PlacedGeometry,
+        repair: boolean = false,
+        repairTotals?: { processed: number; flipped: number; componentsLowConfidence: number; worstMargin: number; }
+    ) {
+        let verts: Float32Array;
+        let indices: Uint32Array;
+
+        if (repair) {
+            // Repaired path: copy of the geometry with winding fixed and
+            // normals regenerated. Original cached geometry is untouched.
+            const repaired = this.ifcAPI.GetRepairedMesh(modelID, placedGeometry.geometryExpressID);
+            verts = repaired.vertexData;
+            indices = repaired.indexData;
+
+            if (repairTotals) {
+                repairTotals.processed += 1;
+                repairTotals.flipped += repaired.stats.trianglesFlipped;
+                if (!repaired.stats.confident) repairTotals.componentsLowConfidence += 1;
+                if (repaired.stats.maxVoteMargin > repairTotals.worstMargin) {
+                    repairTotals.worstMargin = repaired.stats.maxVoteMargin;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // WARNING: geometry must be deleted when requested from WASM
+            const geometry = this.ifcAPI.GetGeometry(modelID, placedGeometry.geometryExpressID);
+            verts = this.ifcAPI.GetVertexArray(geometry.GetVertexData(), geometry.GetVertexDataSize());
+            indices = this.ifcAPI.GetIndexArray(geometry.GetIndexData(), geometry.GetIndexDataSize());
+            //@ts-ignore
+            geometry.delete();
+        }
+
+        return this.ifcGeometryToBuffer(placedGeometry.color, verts, indices);
     }
 
     private materials = {};
@@ -127,7 +173,7 @@ export class IfcThree
         }
 
         const col = new THREE.Color(color.x, color.y, color.z);
-        const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ color: col, side: THREE.DoubleSide });
+        const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ color: col, side: THREE.FrontSide });
         material.transparent = color.w !== 1;
         if (material.transparent) material.opacity = color.w;
 
diff --git a/examples/viewer/web-ifc-viewer.ts b/examples/viewer/web-ifc-viewer.ts
index 789796398..d2616d4a3 100644
--- a/examples/viewer/web-ifc-viewer.ts
+++ b/examples/viewer/web-ifc-viewer.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ let ifcAPI = new IfcAPI();
 ifcAPI.SetWasmPath("./");
 let ifcThree = new IfcThree(ifcAPI);
 
+// Keeps the most recently loaded model open so the "Repair Faces" button
+// can re-stream its geometry with orientation repair enabled.
+let lastLoadedModelID: number | undefined = undefined;
+
 let timeout = undefined;
 
 function Edited(monacoEditor: Monaco.editor.IStandaloneCodeEditor) {
@@ -103,6 +107,8 @@ if (typeof window != "undefined") {
     coderun.addEventListener("click", runCode);
     const clearmem = document.getElementById("cmem");
     clearmem.addEventListener("click", clearMem);
+    const repairFacesBtn = document.getElementById("repairfaces");
+    repairFacesBtn.addEventListener("click", repairFaces);
     const changeLogLevelSelect = document.getElementById("logLevel");
     changeLogLevelSelect.addEventListener("change", changeLogLevel);
     Init3DView();
@@ -169,9 +175,27 @@ async function resetCode() {
 async function clearMem() {
   ClearScene();
   ifcAPI.Dispose();
+  lastLoadedModelID = undefined;
   await ifcAPI.Init();
 }
 
+async function repairFaces() {
+  if (lastLoadedModelID === undefined) {
+    console.warn("[RepairFaces] no model loaded yet.");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!ifcAPI.IsModelOpen(lastLoadedModelID)) {
+    console.warn("[RepairFaces] model is no longer open.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const t0 = ms();
+  ClearScene();
+  InitBasicScene();
+  ifcThree.LoadAllGeometry(scene, lastLoadedModelID, true);
+  console.log(`[RepairFaces] rebuilt scene in ${ms() - t0} ms.`);
+}
+
 async function fileInputChanged() {
   let fileInput = <HTMLInputElement>document.getElementById("finput");
   if (fileInput.files.length == 0) return console.log("No files selected!");
@@ -225,6 +249,13 @@ async function LoadModel(data: Uint8Array) {
   // Ferroflex, samMateo -> CIRCLE_SEGMENTS: 6
   const time = ms() - start;
   console.log(`Opening model took ${time} ms`);
+
+  // Close any previously-loaded model so only one stays open at a time.
+  if (lastLoadedModelID !== undefined && lastLoadedModelID !== modelID) {
+    try { ifcAPI.CloseModel(lastLoadedModelID); } catch (_) {}
+  }
+  lastLoadedModelID = modelID;
+
   ifcThree.LoadAllGeometry(scene, modelID);
 
   if (
@@ -265,5 +296,8 @@ async function LoadModel(data: Uint8Array) {
       //console.log(ifcAPI.GetLine(modelID, unitList.Units[u].value));
     }
   }
-  ifcAPI.CloseModel(modelID);
+  // NOTE: the model is intentionally kept open so the "Repair Faces" button
+  //       can re-stream geometry with orientation repair applied. It will be
+  //       closed automatically when another model is loaded, or by the
+  //       "Clear Memory" button (ifcAPI.Dispose()).
 }
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 4c7fc5859..d67ab8371 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     "build-release": "npm run build-wasm-release && npm run build-api && npm run build-cleanup",
     "build-cleanup": "rimraf dist/helpers/log.ts && rimraf dist/helpers/properties.ts && rimraf dist/web-ifc-api.ts && rimraf dist/ifc-schema.ts",
     "build-debug": "npm run build-wasm-debug && npm run build-api && npm run build-cleanup",
-    "copy-to-dist": "make-dir dist && cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm/*.js\" dist &&  cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm/*.wasm\" dist && cp ./LICENSE.md ./dist",
+    "copy-to-dist": "make-dir dist && cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm/*.js\" dist &&  cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm/*.wasm\" dist && cpy ./LICENSE.md ./dist",
     "copy-debug-to-dist": "make-dir dist && cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm_debug/*.js\" dist &&  cpy \"src/cpp/build_wasm_debug/*.wasm\" dist ",
     "build-wasm-debug": "make-dir src/cpp/build_wasm_debug && cd src/cpp/build_wasm_debug && emcmake cmake .. -DEMSCRIPTEN=true -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug   && emmake make && npm run copy-debug-to-dist",
     "build-wasm-release": "make-dir src/cpp/build_wasm     && cd src/cpp/build_wasm       && emcmake cmake .. -DEMSCRIPTEN=true -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release && emmake make && npm run copy-to-dist",
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     "build-web-ifc-api-node": "make-dir dist && esbuild dist/web-ifc-api.ts --define:__WASM_PATH__=\\\"./web-ifc-node\\\" --bundle --platform=node --outfile=./dist/web-ifc-api-node.js",
     "build-web-ifc-api-browser": "make-dir dist && esbuild dist/web-ifc-api.ts --bundle --format=esm --define:__WASM_PATH__=\\\"./web-ifc\\\" --outfile=./dist/web-ifc-api.js",
     "build-web-ifc-api-iife": "make-dir dist && esbuild dist/web-ifc-api.ts --bundle --format=iife --define:__WASM_PATH__=\\\"./web-ifc\\\" --global-name=WebIFC --outfile=./dist/web-ifc-api-iife.js",
-    "build-viewer": "cd examples/viewer/ && make-dir dist && node makesrc.js && esbuild --bundle web-ifc-viewer.ts --outfile=./dist/web-ifc-viewer.js && rimraf ts_src.js && cpy index.html dist && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc.wasm dist/web-ifc.wasm && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc-mt.js dist/web-ifc-mt.js && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc-mt.wasm dist/web-ifc-mt.wasm && cpy ../example.ifc dist/example.ifc",
+    "build-viewer": "cd examples/viewer/ && make-dir dist && node makesrc.js && esbuild --bundle web-ifc-viewer.ts --define:__WASM_PATH__=\\\"./web-ifc\\\" --outfile=./dist/web-ifc-viewer.js && rimraf ts_src.js && cpy index.html dist && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc.wasm dist/web-ifc.wasm && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc-mt.js dist/web-ifc-mt.js && cpy ../../dist/web-ifc-mt.wasm dist/web-ifc-mt.wasm && cpy ../example.ifc dist/example.ifc",
     "dev": "npm run build-viewer && cd examples/viewer/dist && ws -p 8080",
     "docker-build": "docker build -t web-ifc .",
     "docker-run": "npm run docker-run-container && npm run docker-get-compiled-files ",
diff --git a/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp b/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
index 93e72ce30..fea841c2c 100644
--- a/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
+++ b/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "../web-ifc/geometry/operations/bim-geometry/utils.h"
 #include "../web-ifc/geometry/operations/bim-geometry/boolean.h"
 #include "../web-ifc/geometry/operations/bim-geometry/profile.h"
+#include "../web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h"
 
 namespace webifc::parsing
 {
@@ -944,6 +945,95 @@ bimGeometry::Profile CreateProfile()
     return bimGeometry::Profile();
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Mesh orientation repair (Layer 1 voting + Layer 2 global orientation)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// These helpers are intentionally decoupled from the geometry pipeline. They
+// operate on the FINAL mesh (after booleans) and are called explicitly by
+// the user. See mesh-orientation-repair.h for the full algorithm contract.
+
+// Struct carried back to JS. Mirrors webifc::geometry::OrientationRepairResult
+// but with plain fields that Embind can serialize as a value_object.
+struct RepairedMesh
+{
+    // Geometry buffers after repair (vertex positions unchanged; normals
+    // regenerated; index winding flipped where needed).
+    std::vector<float>    fvertexData;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> indexData;
+
+    // Quantitative confidence signals.
+    uint32_t trianglesFlipped     = 0;
+    uint32_t componentsProcessed  = 0;
+    double   maxVoteMargin        = 0.0;
+    uint32_t unsatisfiedEdges     = 0;
+    bool     layer2Decisive       = true;
+    bool     confident            = true;
+};
+
+static RepairedMesh BuildRepairedMeshFromBuffers(
+    std::vector<double>&   vertexData,
+    std::vector<uint32_t>& indexData)
+{
+    webifc::geometry::OrientationRepairOptions options; // defaults
+    webifc::geometry::OrientationRepairResult stats =
+        webifc::geometry::RepairMeshOrientation(vertexData, indexData, options);
+
+    RepairedMesh out;
+    // Convert the double vertex buffer to float (same convention as
+    // IfcGeometry::GetVertexData()).
+    out.fvertexData.resize(vertexData.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vertexData.size(); ++i)
+        out.fvertexData[i] = static_cast<float>(vertexData[i]);
+
+    out.indexData            = std::move(indexData);
+    out.trianglesFlipped     = stats.trianglesFlipped;
+    out.componentsProcessed  = stats.componentsProcessed;
+    out.maxVoteMargin        = stats.maxVoteMargin;
+    out.unsatisfiedEdges     = stats.unsatisfiedEdges;
+    out.layer2Decisive       = stats.layer2Decisive;
+    out.confident            = stats.confident;
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Option B: repair from a geometryExpressID held by the model.
+// The model's own IfcGeometry is NOT modified -- we copy its buffers first.
+RepairedMesh GetRepairedMesh(uint32_t modelID, uint32_t geometryExpressID)
+{
+    if (!manager.IsModelOpen(modelID))
+        return RepairedMesh{};
+
+    webifc::geometry::IfcGeometry& geom =
+        manager.GetGeometryProcessor(modelID)->GetGeometry(geometryExpressID);
+
+    // Copy buffers so the in-place repair does not mutate the cached geometry.
+    std::vector<double>   verts = geom.vertexData;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> idx   = geom.indexData;
+
+    return BuildRepairedMeshFromBuffers(verts, idx);
+}
+
+// Option C: repair from raw arrays provided by the caller (no IFC model
+// involved). Input vertices are float (3 positions + 3 normals, interleaved)
+// because that's what the TS side already has as Float32Array / Uint32Array.
+RepairedMesh RepairMeshOrientationRaw(
+    emscripten::val vertexDataVal,
+    emscripten::val indexDataVal)
+{
+    const uint32_t vlen = vertexDataVal["length"].as<uint32_t>();
+    const uint32_t ilen = indexDataVal["length"].as<uint32_t>();
+
+    std::vector<double>   verts(vlen);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> idx(ilen);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vlen; ++i)
+        verts[i] = vertexDataVal[i].as<double>();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ilen; ++i)
+        idx[i] = indexDataVal[i].as<uint32_t>();
+
+    return BuildRepairedMeshFromBuffers(verts, idx);
+}
+
 EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module)
 {
 
@@ -1070,6 +1160,16 @@ EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module)
 
     emscripten::register_vector<float>("vector<float>");
 
+    emscripten::value_object<RepairedMesh>("RepairedMesh")
+        .field("fvertexData",          &RepairedMesh::fvertexData)
+        .field("indexData",            &RepairedMesh::indexData)
+        .field("trianglesFlipped",     &RepairedMesh::trianglesFlipped)
+        .field("componentsProcessed",  &RepairedMesh::componentsProcessed)
+        .field("maxVoteMargin",        &RepairedMesh::maxVoteMargin)
+        .field("unsatisfiedEdges",     &RepairedMesh::unsatisfiedEdges)
+        .field("layer2Decisive",       &RepairedMesh::layer2Decisive)
+        .field("confident",            &RepairedMesh::confident);
+
     emscripten::class_<bimGeometry::AABB>("AABB")
         .constructor<>()
         .function("GetBuffers", &bimGeometry::AABB::GetBuffers)
@@ -1156,6 +1256,8 @@ EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module)
     emscripten::function("GetModelSize", &GetModelSize);
     emscripten::function("IsModelOpen", &IsModelOpen);
     emscripten::function("GetGeometry", &GetGeometry);
+    emscripten::function("GetRepairedMesh", &GetRepairedMesh);
+    emscripten::function("RepairMeshOrientationRaw", &RepairMeshOrientationRaw);
     emscripten::function("GetFlatMesh", &GetFlatMesh);
     emscripten::function("GetCoordinationMatrix", &GetCoordinationMatrix);
     emscripten::function("GetWorldTransformMatrix", &GetWorldTransformMatrix);
diff --git a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.cpp b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f9f4bcb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.  */
+
+// Implementation of the two-layer voting-based mesh orientation repair.
+// See mesh-orientation-repair.h for the public contract.
+
+#include "mesh-orientation-repair.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <deque>
+#include <limits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace webifc::geometry {
+
+namespace {
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Constants
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // Interleaved layout: 6 doubles per vertex (x,y,z, nx,ny,nz).
+    constexpr uint32_t STRIDE = 6;
+
+    // Safety threshold: triangles with area below this are considered
+    // degenerate and skipped for normal accumulation.
+    constexpr double DEGENERATE_AREA_EPS = 1e-18;
+
+    // Near-zero detection thresholds for Layer 2 decisiveness.
+    constexpr double NEAR_ZERO_VOLUME_RATIO   = 1e-6;
+    constexpr double NEAR_ZERO_AABB_DOT_RATIO = 1e-6;
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Tiny 3D vector helpers (avoid pulling in glm for this TU)
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    struct V3 { double x, y, z; };
+
+    inline V3 vsub(const V3& a, const V3& b) { return {a.x-b.x, a.y-b.y, a.z-b.z}; }
+    inline V3 vmul(const V3& a, double s)    { return {a.x*s,   a.y*s,   a.z*s};   }
+    inline double vdot(const V3& a, const V3& b) {
+        return a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y + a.z*b.z;
+    }
+    inline V3 vcross(const V3& a, const V3& b) {
+        return { a.y*b.z - a.z*b.y,
+                 a.z*b.x - a.x*b.z,
+                 a.x*b.y - a.y*b.x };
+    }
+    inline double vlen(const V3& a) {
+        return std::sqrt(a.x*a.x + a.y*a.y + a.z*a.z);
+    }
+
+    inline V3 getPos(const std::vector<double>& v, uint32_t i) {
+        return { v[i*STRIDE+0], v[i*STRIDE+1], v[i*STRIDE+2] };
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Union-Find (for connected components)
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    struct UnionFind {
+        std::vector<uint32_t> parent;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> rank_;
+
+        explicit UnionFind(uint32_t n) : parent(n), rank_(n, 0) {
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) parent[i] = i;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t find(uint32_t x) {
+            while (parent[x] != x) {
+                parent[x] = parent[parent[x]];
+                x = parent[x];
+            }
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        void unite(uint32_t a, uint32_t b) {
+            a = find(a);
+            b = find(b);
+            if (a == b) return;
+            if (rank_[a] < rank_[b]) std::swap(a, b);
+            parent[b] = a;
+            if (rank_[a] == rank_[b]) ++rank_[a];
+        }
+    };
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Weld: map near-coincident vertices to a canonical index
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    struct I64Triple {
+        int64_t x, y, z;
+        bool operator==(const I64Triple& o) const {
+            return x == o.x && y == o.y && z == o.z;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct I64TripleHash {
+        size_t operator()(const I64Triple& k) const noexcept {
+            size_t h = std::hash<int64_t>{}(k.x);
+            h ^= std::hash<int64_t>{}(k.y) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (h<<6) + (h>>2);
+            h ^= std::hash<int64_t>{}(k.z) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (h<<6) + (h>>2);
+            return h;
+        }
+    };
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> buildWeldMap(
+        const std::vector<double>& vertexData,
+        double                     epsilon)
+    {
+        const uint32_t vcount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexData.size() / STRIDE);
+        std::vector<uint32_t> welded(vcount, 0);
+        if (vcount == 0) return welded;
+
+        const double eps  = (epsilon > 0.0) ? epsilon : 1e-6;
+        const double invE = 1.0 / eps;
+
+        std::unordered_map<I64Triple, uint32_t, I64TripleHash> table;
+        table.reserve(vcount);
+
+        uint32_t nextCanon = 0;
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vcount; ++i) {
+            const V3 p = getPos(vertexData, i);
+            I64Triple key{
+                static_cast<int64_t>(std::llround(p.x * invE)),
+                static_cast<int64_t>(std::llround(p.y * invE)),
+                static_cast<int64_t>(std::llround(p.z * invE))
+            };
+            auto it = table.find(key);
+            if (it == table.end()) {
+                welded[i] = nextCanon;
+                table.emplace(key, nextCanon);
+                ++nextCanon;
+            } else {
+                welded[i] = it->second;
+            }
+        }
+        return welded;
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Edge map built on welded vertex ids
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    struct HalfEdge {
+        uint32_t tri;
+        bool     forward;
+    };
+
+    inline uint64_t edgeKey(uint32_t a, uint32_t b) {
+        if (a < b) return (static_cast<uint64_t>(a) << 32) | b;
+        else       return (static_cast<uint64_t>(b) << 32) | a;
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Flip a triangle's winding in the index buffer.
+    // Matches IfcGeometry::ReverseFace: swap indices 0 and 2 of the tri.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    inline void flipTri(std::vector<uint32_t>& indexData, uint32_t ti) {
+        std::swap(indexData[ti*3 + 0], indexData[ti*3 + 2]);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Regenerate per-vertex normals by area-weighted averaging.
+    // Must run AFTER all flips have been applied.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    void regenerateNormals(
+        std::vector<double>&         vertexData,
+        const std::vector<uint32_t>& indexData)
+    {
+        const uint32_t vcount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexData.size() / STRIDE);
+        const uint32_t tcount = static_cast<uint32_t>(indexData.size() / 3);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vcount; ++i) {
+            vertexData[i*STRIDE + 3] = 0.0;
+            vertexData[i*STRIDE + 4] = 0.0;
+            vertexData[i*STRIDE + 5] = 0.0;
+        }
+
+        for (uint32_t t = 0; t < tcount; ++t) {
+            const uint32_t i0 = indexData[t*3 + 0];
+            const uint32_t i1 = indexData[t*3 + 1];
+            const uint32_t i2 = indexData[t*3 + 2];
+            if (i0 >= vcount || i1 >= vcount || i2 >= vcount) continue;
+
+            const V3 a = getPos(vertexData, i0);
+            const V3 b = getPos(vertexData, i1);
+            const V3 c = getPos(vertexData, i2);
+            const V3 n = vcross(vsub(b, a), vsub(c, a));
+            const double len = vlen(n);
+            if (len <= DEGENERATE_AREA_EPS) continue;
+
+            // |n| already encodes 2*area -> area weighting for free.
+            vertexData[i0*STRIDE + 3] += n.x;
+            vertexData[i0*STRIDE + 4] += n.y;
+            vertexData[i0*STRIDE + 5] += n.z;
+            vertexData[i1*STRIDE + 3] += n.x;
+            vertexData[i1*STRIDE + 4] += n.y;
+            vertexData[i1*STRIDE + 5] += n.z;
+            vertexData[i2*STRIDE + 3] += n.x;
+            vertexData[i2*STRIDE + 4] += n.y;
+            vertexData[i2*STRIDE + 5] += n.z;
+        }
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vcount; ++i) {
+            const V3 n{ vertexData[i*STRIDE + 3],
+                        vertexData[i*STRIDE + 4],
+                        vertexData[i*STRIDE + 5] };
+            const double len = vlen(n);
+            if (len > 0.0) {
+                const double inv = 1.0 / len;
+                vertexData[i*STRIDE + 3] = n.x * inv;
+                vertexData[i*STRIDE + 4] = n.y * inv;
+                vertexData[i*STRIDE + 5] = n.z * inv;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public entry point
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+OrientationRepairResult RepairMeshOrientation(
+    std::vector<double>&            vertexData,
+    std::vector<uint32_t>&          indexData,
+    const OrientationRepairOptions& options)
+{
+    OrientationRepairResult result;
+
+    const uint32_t tcount = static_cast<uint32_t>(indexData.size() / 3);
+    const uint32_t vcount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexData.size() / STRIDE);
+    if (tcount == 0 || vcount == 0) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // --- Step 1: weld spatial duplicates ------------------------------
+    const std::vector<uint32_t> welded = buildWeldMap(vertexData, options.weldEpsilon);
+
+    // --- Step 2: build the edge map on welded ids ---------------------
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<HalfEdge>> edgeMap;
+    edgeMap.reserve(tcount * 3);
+
+    for (uint32_t t = 0; t < tcount; ++t) {
+        const uint32_t raw[3] = {
+            indexData[t*3 + 0],
+            indexData[t*3 + 1],
+            indexData[t*3 + 2]
+        };
+        if (raw[0] >= vcount || raw[1] >= vcount || raw[2] >= vcount) continue;
+
+        const uint32_t w[3] = { welded[raw[0]], welded[raw[1]], welded[raw[2]] };
+
+        // Skip triangles that collapse under welding.
+        if (w[0] == w[1] || w[1] == w[2] || w[0] == w[2]) continue;
+
+        for (int e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
+            const uint32_t u = w[e];
+            const uint32_t v = w[(e + 1) % 3];
+            const uint64_t key = edgeKey(u, v);
+            const bool forward = (u < v);
+            edgeMap[key].push_back(HalfEdge{ t, forward });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- Step 3: adjacency (manifold edges only) + Union-Find ---------
+    struct Adj { uint32_t nb; bool agree; };
+    std::vector<std::vector<Adj>> adjacency(tcount);
+    UnionFind uf(tcount);
+
+    for (const auto& kv : edgeMap) {
+        const auto& halves = kv.second;
+        if (halves.size() != 2) continue; // boundary (1) or non-manifold (>=3)
+        const uint32_t t0 = halves[0].tri;
+        const uint32_t t1 = halves[1].tri;
+        const bool     f0 = halves[0].forward;
+        const bool     f1 = halves[1].forward;
+        const bool agree = (f0 != f1); // opposite directions -> coherent
+        uf.unite(t0, t1);
+        adjacency[t0].push_back(Adj{ t1, agree });
+        adjacency[t1].push_back(Adj{ t0, agree });
+    }
+
+    // --- Step 4: Layer 1 -- 2-color each component via BFS, flip minority.
+    constexpr int8_t UNSET = -1;
+    std::vector<int8_t> team(tcount, UNSET);
+
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, std::vector<uint32_t>> components;
+    components.reserve(tcount / 8 + 1);
+    for (uint32_t t = 0; t < tcount; ++t) {
+        components[uf.find(t)].push_back(t);
+    }
+    result.componentsProcessed = static_cast<uint32_t>(components.size());
+
+    uint32_t totalFlipped     = 0;
+    uint32_t totalUnsatisfied = 0;
+    double   worstMargin      = 0.0;
+
+    for (auto& kv : components) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t>& compTris = kv.second;
+        if (compTris.empty()) continue;
+
+        // BFS 2-coloring seeded from the first triangle of the component.
+        std::deque<uint32_t> queue;
+        const uint32_t seed = compTris.front();
+        team[seed] = 0;
+        queue.push_back(seed);
+
+        while (!queue.empty()) {
+            const uint32_t cur = queue.front();
+            queue.pop_front();
+            const int8_t curTeam = team[cur];
+            for (const Adj& a : adjacency[cur]) {
+                const int8_t expected = a.agree ? curTeam : (1 - curTeam);
+                if (team[a.nb] == UNSET) {
+                    team[a.nb] = expected;
+                    queue.push_back(a.nb);
+                } else if (team[a.nb] != expected) {
+                    ++totalUnsatisfied; // Moebius-like contradiction
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Tally votes. Any triangle still UNSET (lone island in the UF
+        // component without manifold adjacency) is assigned to team 0.
+        uint32_t count0 = 0;
+        uint32_t count1 = 0;
+        for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+            if (team[ti] == UNSET) team[ti] = 0;
+            if (team[ti] == 0) ++count0; else ++count1;
+        }
+        const uint32_t total    = count0 + count1;
+        const uint32_t minority = (count0 <= count1) ? 0 : 1;
+        const uint32_t minCount = std::min(count0, count1);
+        const double   margin   = (total > 0)
+                                    ? (static_cast<double>(minCount) / total)
+                                    : 0.0;
+        if (margin > worstMargin) worstMargin = margin;
+
+        if (minCount > 0) {
+            for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+                if (team[ti] == static_cast<int8_t>(minority)) {
+                    flipTri(indexData, ti);
+                    ++totalFlipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    result.maxVoteMargin    = worstMargin;
+    result.unsatisfiedEdges = totalUnsatisfied;
+
+    // --- Step 5: Layer 2 -- decide outward/inward per component. ------
+    bool everyLayer2Decisive = true;
+
+    for (auto& kv : components) {
+        const std::vector<uint32_t>& compTris = kv.second;
+        if (compTris.empty()) continue;
+
+        // Count boundary edges for THIS component.
+        uint32_t boundaryCount = 0;
+        uint32_t totalHalf     = 0;
+        for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+            const uint32_t raw[3] = {
+                indexData[ti*3 + 0],
+                indexData[ti*3 + 1],
+                indexData[ti*3 + 2]
+            };
+            if (raw[0] >= vcount || raw[1] >= vcount || raw[2] >= vcount) continue;
+            const uint32_t w[3] = { welded[raw[0]], welded[raw[1]], welded[raw[2]] };
+            if (w[0] == w[1] || w[1] == w[2] || w[0] == w[2]) continue;
+
+            for (int e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
+                const uint32_t u = w[e];
+                const uint32_t v = w[(e + 1) % 3];
+                ++totalHalf;
+                auto it = edgeMap.find(edgeKey(u, v));
+                if (it == edgeMap.end() || it->second.size() != 2) {
+                    ++boundaryCount;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const bool nearlyClosed =
+            (totalHalf > 0) &&
+            (static_cast<double>(boundaryCount) <=
+             options.nearlyClosedBoundaryRatio * static_cast<double>(totalHalf));
+
+        // Component AABB.
+        V3 bbMin{  std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(),
+                   std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(),
+                   std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() };
+        V3 bbMax{ -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(),
+                  -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(),
+                  -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() };
+        for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+            for (int e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
+                const uint32_t vi = indexData[ti*3 + e];
+                if (vi >= vcount) continue;
+                const V3 p = getPos(vertexData, vi);
+                if (p.x < bbMin.x) bbMin.x = p.x;
+                if (p.y < bbMin.y) bbMin.y = p.y;
+                if (p.z < bbMin.z) bbMin.z = p.z;
+                if (p.x > bbMax.x) bbMax.x = p.x;
+                if (p.y > bbMax.y) bbMax.y = p.y;
+                if (p.z > bbMax.z) bbMax.z = p.z;
+            }
+        }
+        const V3 bbCenter{ 0.5 * (bbMin.x + bbMax.x),
+                           0.5 * (bbMin.y + bbMax.y),
+                           0.5 * (bbMin.z + bbMax.z) };
+        const V3 bbExtent{ bbMax.x - bbMin.x,
+                           bbMax.y - bbMin.y,
+                           bbMax.z - bbMin.z };
+
+        bool shouldFlipAll = false;
+
+        if (nearlyClosed) {
+            // --- Strategy A: signed volume around the AABB center.
+            double signedVol = 0.0;
+            for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+                const uint32_t i0 = indexData[ti*3 + 0];
+                const uint32_t i1 = indexData[ti*3 + 1];
+                const uint32_t i2 = indexData[ti*3 + 2];
+                if (i0 >= vcount || i1 >= vcount || i2 >= vcount) continue;
+                const V3 a = vsub(getPos(vertexData, i0), bbCenter);
+                const V3 b = vsub(getPos(vertexData, i1), bbCenter);
+                const V3 c = vsub(getPos(vertexData, i2), bbCenter);
+                signedVol += vdot(a, vcross(b, c));
+            }
+
+            const double bboxVol = bbExtent.x * bbExtent.y * bbExtent.z;
+            const double nearZero = NEAR_ZERO_VOLUME_RATIO * std::max(bboxVol, 1.0);
+
+            if (std::fabs(signedVol) <= nearZero) {
+                everyLayer2Decisive = false; // flat/degenerate shell
+            } else if (signedVol < 0.0) {
+                shouldFlipAll = true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // --- Strategy B: AABB-center heuristic for open surfaces.
+            uint32_t bestTri  = compTris.front();
+            double   bestDist = -1.0;
+            for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+                const uint32_t i0 = indexData[ti*3 + 0];
+                const uint32_t i1 = indexData[ti*3 + 1];
+                const uint32_t i2 = indexData[ti*3 + 2];
+                if (i0 >= vcount || i1 >= vcount || i2 >= vcount) continue;
+                const V3 a = getPos(vertexData, i0);
+                const V3 b = getPos(vertexData, i1);
+                const V3 c = getPos(vertexData, i2);
+                const V3 cn{ (a.x + b.x + c.x) / 3.0,
+                             (a.y + b.y + c.y) / 3.0,
+                             (a.z + b.z + c.z) / 3.0 };
+                const V3 d = vsub(cn, bbCenter);
+                const double d2 = d.x*d.x + d.y*d.y + d.z*d.z;
+                if (d2 > bestDist) {
+                    bestDist = d2;
+                    bestTri  = ti;
+                }
+            }
+
+            const uint32_t i0 = indexData[bestTri*3 + 0];
+            const uint32_t i1 = indexData[bestTri*3 + 1];
+            const uint32_t i2 = indexData[bestTri*3 + 2];
+            const V3 a  = getPos(vertexData, i0);
+            const V3 b  = getPos(vertexData, i1);
+            const V3 c  = getPos(vertexData, i2);
+            const V3 n  = vcross(vsub(b, a), vsub(c, a));
+            const V3 cn{ (a.x + b.x + c.x) / 3.0,
+                         (a.y + b.y + c.y) / 3.0,
+                         (a.z + b.z + c.z) / 3.0 };
+            const V3 outward = vsub(cn, bbCenter);
+            const double dotVal = vdot(n, outward);
+
+            const double nLen       = vlen(n);
+            const double outwardLen = vlen(outward);
+            const double scale      = std::max(nLen * outwardLen, 1.0);
+            const double nearZeroDot = NEAR_ZERO_AABB_DOT_RATIO * scale;
+
+            if (std::fabs(dotVal) <= nearZeroDot) {
+                // Ambiguous -> Y-up fallback.
+                double bestY   = -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
+                uint32_t topTri = compTris.front();
+                for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+                    for (int e = 0; e < 3; ++e) {
+                        const uint32_t vi = indexData[ti*3 + e];
+                        if (vi >= vcount) continue;
+                        const double y = vertexData[vi*STRIDE + 1];
+                        if (y > bestY) {
+                            bestY  = y;
+                            topTri = ti;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                const uint32_t j0 = indexData[topTri*3 + 0];
+                const uint32_t j1 = indexData[topTri*3 + 1];
+                const uint32_t j2 = indexData[topTri*3 + 2];
+                const V3 ta = getPos(vertexData, j0);
+                const V3 tb = getPos(vertexData, j1);
+                const V3 tc = getPos(vertexData, j2);
+                const V3 tn = vcross(vsub(tb, ta), vsub(tc, ta));
+
+                const double tnLen = vlen(tn);
+                const double yEps  = 1e-9 * std::max(tnLen, 1.0);
+                if (tn.y < -yEps) {
+                    shouldFlipAll = true;
+                } else if (std::fabs(tn.y) <= yEps) {
+                    if (tn.x < -yEps) {
+                        shouldFlipAll = true;
+                    } else if (std::fabs(tn.x) <= yEps) {
+                        everyLayer2Decisive = false; // truly ambiguous
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (dotVal < 0.0) {
+                shouldFlipAll = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (shouldFlipAll) {
+            for (uint32_t ti : compTris) {
+                flipTri(indexData, ti);
+                ++totalFlipped;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    result.trianglesFlipped = totalFlipped;
+    result.layer2Decisive   = everyLayer2Decisive;
+    result.confident =
+        (worstMargin < options.confidenceMarginThreshold) &&
+        (totalUnsatisfied == 0) &&
+        everyLayer2Decisive;
+
+    // --- Step 6: regenerate vertex normals from the final winding. ----
+    if (options.regenerateNormals) {
+        regenerateNormals(vertexData, indexData);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+} // namespace webifc::geometry
diff --git a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43b230dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/operations/mesh-orientation-repair.h
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.  */
+
+// Mesh orientation repair: fixes inside-out triangles on a finished mesh.
+//
+// The algorithm is intentionally decoupled from IfcGeometry so it can operate
+// on raw vertex/index arrays as well. It is meant to be called AFTER the
+// geometry pipeline has finished (including booleans), never inside it.
+//
+// Two layers (see geometry-orientation-repair.md):
+//   Layer 1 - Vote-based local coherence (per connected component)
+//             * Internal "weld" by coordinate quantization so that triangles
+//               which happen to share a spatial vertex are treated as edge
+//               neighbours even if their index-level vertices are distinct
+//               (which is the common case in web-ifc: every AddFace() pushes
+//               3 brand new vertices).
+//             * 2-colouring of the signed adjacency graph via BFS.
+//             * Minority team (one triangle, one vote) is flipped.
+//
+//   Layer 2 - Global orientation decision per component.
+//             * Signed volume (around the component centroid) when the
+//               component is closed or nearly-closed (<= 5% boundary edges).
+//             * AABB-center heuristic with Y-up fallback for open components.
+//
+// After the repair, vertex normals are regenerated from the (possibly new)
+// triangle winding by area-weighted averaging over incident faces.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace webifc::geometry {
+
+    /**
+     * Quantitative signals returned by the orientation repair pass.
+     *
+     * - trianglesFlipped      Total triangles whose winding was reversed
+     *                         (Layer 1 minority flips + Layer 2 global flips).
+     * - componentsProcessed   Number of connected components detected by the
+     *                         edge-based Union-Find (after internal weld).
+     * - maxVoteMargin         Worst Layer-1 margin across all components.
+     *                         0.0  = clean verdict (one team only)
+     *                         0.5  = tied (ambiguous)
+     *                         Values >= 0.05 are typically suspicious.
+     * - unsatisfiedEdges      Count of manifold edges whose BFS propagation
+     *                         contradicted an already-assigned team. Non-zero
+     *                         means non-orientable topology (Moebius-like).
+     * - layer2Decisive        True if every component's Layer-2 probe was
+     *                         clearly above the near-zero threshold.
+     * - confident             Convenience: maxVoteMargin < 0.05
+     *                                  && unsatisfiedEdges == 0
+     *                                  && layer2Decisive.
+     *                         Intended for the caller to decide single-sided
+     *                         vs double-sided rendering.
+     */
+    struct OrientationRepairResult
+    {
+        uint32_t trianglesFlipped     = 0;
+        uint32_t componentsProcessed  = 0;
+        double   maxVoteMargin        = 0.0;
+        uint32_t unsatisfiedEdges     = 0;
+        bool     layer2Decisive       = true;
+        bool     confident            = true;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Tunable parameters. Defaults are sensible for IFC BIM geometry.
+     */
+    struct OrientationRepairOptions
+    {
+        // Welding epsilon in model units. Vertices closer than this (per axis)
+        // are considered the same topological vertex for adjacency purposes.
+        // Only affects the edge map; original vertex data is preserved.
+        double weldEpsilon = 1e-6;
+
+        // Fraction of boundary edges under which the component is treated as
+        // "closed" and evaluated via signed volume. 0.05 = up to 5% boundary.
+        double nearlyClosedBoundaryRatio = 0.05;
+
+        // Margin threshold above which a component is no longer "confident".
+        double confidenceMarginThreshold = 0.05;
+
+        // If true, regenerate per-vertex normals from the final winding.
+        // Uses area-weighted averaging over incident faces.
+        bool regenerateNormals = true;
+    };
+
+    // --- Public API --------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Repair orientation of a mesh stored in web-ifc's interleaved format.
+     *
+     * Input layout:
+     *   vertexData   packed doubles, 6 per vertex: [x,y,z,nx,ny,nz, ...]
+     *   indexData    flat triples, 3 per triangle: [i0,i1,i2, i0,i1,i2, ...]
+     *
+     * Both buffers are modified in place:
+     *   - indexData: winding reversals (swap index 0 and 2 of flipped tris).
+     *   - vertexData: normals regenerated if options.regenerateNormals.
+     *
+     * Vertex positions are NEVER modified.
+     *
+     * Returns quantitative confidence signals (see OrientationRepairResult).
+     */
+    OrientationRepairResult RepairMeshOrientation(
+        std::vector<double>&   vertexData,
+        std::vector<uint32_t>& indexData,
+        const OrientationRepairOptions& options = OrientationRepairOptions{});
+
+} // namespace webifc::geometry
diff --git a/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts b/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
index 491d2b82d..4bde5c447 100644
--- a/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
+++ b/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
@@ -166,6 +166,36 @@ export interface IfcGeometry {
   delete(): void;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Confidence signals returned by the mesh orientation repair pass.
+ * All fields are populated regardless of whether any flips occurred.
+ */
+export interface OrientationRepairStats {
+  /** Total triangles whose winding was reversed. */
+  trianglesFlipped: number;
+  /** Number of connected components detected after internal welding. */
+  componentsProcessed: number;
+  /** Worst Layer-1 vote margin across all components (0 = clean, 0.5 = tied). */
+  maxVoteMargin: number;
+  /** Count of Moebius-like contradictory edges (non-orientable topology). */
+  unsatisfiedEdges: number;
+  /** True if every component's Layer-2 probe was clearly decisive. */
+  layer2Decisive: boolean;
+  /** True if the whole result is trustworthy (margin < 5%, 0 unsatisfied, layer-2 decisive). */
+  confident: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Result of a mesh orientation repair. Buffers follow the web-ifc convention:
+ * interleaved vertices (x,y,z,nx,ny,nz) as Float32Array, and triangle indices
+ * as Uint32Array in groups of 3.
+ */
+export interface RepairedMesh {
+  vertexData: Float32Array;
+  indexData: Uint32Array;
+  stats: OrientationRepairStats;
+}
+
 export interface Buffers {
   fvertexData: Array<number>;
   indexData: Array<number>;
@@ -677,6 +707,79 @@ export class IfcAPI {
     return this.wasmModule.GetGeometry(modelID, geometryExpressID);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Returns a copy of the geometry with inside-out triangles repaired.
+   *
+   * The original geometry held by the model is NOT modified. The repair is
+   * applied to a buffer copy, so callers can compare pre- and post-repair
+   * data or keep both versions.
+   *
+   * Uses a two-layer voting algorithm:
+   *   Layer 1 - per-component majority vote fixes local incoherence.
+   *   Layer 2 - signed volume (closed shells) or AABB-center heuristic
+   *             (open surfaces) fixes global outward/inward orientation.
+   *
+   * Vertex normals are regenerated by area-weighted averaging from the
+   * final winding. Vertex POSITIONS are never modified.
+   *
+   * @param modelID Model handle retrieved by OpenModel.
+   * @param geometryExpressID Express ID of the geometry to repair.
+   * @returns A RepairedMesh with the new buffers and confidence stats.
+   */
+  GetRepairedMesh(modelID: number, geometryExpressID: number): RepairedMesh {
+    const raw = this.wasmModule.GetRepairedMesh(modelID, geometryExpressID);
+    return this.wrapRepairedMesh(raw);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Repairs the orientation of a mesh supplied as raw arrays. Useful for
+   * meshes not originating from an IFC model (synthetic geometry, imported
+   * from another format, etc.).
+   *
+   * Input format matches GetVertexArray/GetIndexArray:
+   *   - vertexData: interleaved [x,y,z,nx,ny,nz, ...] as Float32Array.
+   *   - indexData:  flat triangle indices [i0,i1,i2, ...] as Uint32Array.
+   *
+   * Returns freshly allocated Float32Array/Uint32Array; the input arrays
+   * are NOT modified.
+   *
+   * @param vertexData Interleaved vertex buffer (6 floats per vertex).
+   * @param indexData  Triangle index buffer (3 uint32 per triangle).
+   * @returns A RepairedMesh with repaired buffers and confidence stats.
+   */
+  RepairMeshOrientation(
+    vertexData: Float32Array,
+    indexData: Uint32Array
+  ): RepairedMesh {
+    // Embind accepts JS arrays / typed arrays for val parameters.
+    const raw = this.wasmModule.RepairMeshOrientationRaw(vertexData, indexData);
+    return this.wrapRepairedMesh(raw);
+  }
+
+  /** @ignore */
+  private wrapRepairedMesh(raw: any): RepairedMesh {
+    // raw.fvertexData and raw.indexData come back as Embind vectors.
+    // Convert to typed arrays for a TS-friendly shape.
+    const vLen = raw.fvertexData.size();
+    const iLen = raw.indexData.size();
+    const vertexData = new Float32Array(vLen);
+    const indexData = new Uint32Array(iLen);
+    for (let i = 0; i < vLen; i++) vertexData[i] = raw.fvertexData.get(i);
+    for (let i = 0; i < iLen; i++) indexData[i] = raw.indexData.get(i);
+    const stats: OrientationRepairStats = {
+      trianglesFlipped: raw.trianglesFlipped,
+      componentsProcessed: raw.componentsProcessed,
+      maxVoteMargin: raw.maxVoteMargin,
+      unsatisfiedEdges: raw.unsatisfiedEdges,
+      layer2Decisive: raw.layer2Decisive,
+      confident: raw.confident,
+    };
+    // Free the underlying Embind vectors to avoid leaks.
+    if (typeof raw.fvertexData.delete === "function") raw.fvertexData.delete();
+    if (typeof raw.indexData.delete === "function") raw.indexData.delete();
+    return { vertexData, indexData, stats };
+  }
+
   CreateAABB() {
     return this.wasmModule.CreateAABB();
   }

From f1aeb089c23c50d7666892f3f4a392341f39546a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: QuimMoya <q.moya@hotmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 19:23:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Initial commit

---
 src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp                 | 25 ++++++
 .../web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.cpp | 77 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.h   |  7 ++
 src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts                         | 26 ++++++-
 4 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp b/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
index 93e72ce30..cf2dfbe0b 100644
--- a/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
+++ b/src/cpp/wasm/web-ifc-wasm.cpp
@@ -91,6 +91,23 @@ webifc::geometry::IfcFlatMesh GetFlatMesh(uint32_t modelID, uint32_t expressID)
     return mesh;
 }
 
+webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands GetBooleanOperands(uint32_t modelID, uint32_t expressID)
+{
+    if (!manager.IsModelOpen(modelID))
+        return {};
+    auto geomProc = manager.GetGeometryProcessor(modelID);
+    auto result = geomProc->GetBooleanOperands(expressID);
+
+    for (auto &geom : result.bodyMesh.geometries)
+        geomProc->GetGeometry(geom.geometryExpressID).GetVertexData();
+
+    for (auto &voidMesh : result.voidMeshes)
+        for (auto &geom : voidMesh.geometries)
+            geomProc->GetGeometry(geom.geometryExpressID).GetVertexData();
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 void StreamMeshes(uint32_t modelID, const std::vector<uint32_t> &expressIds, emscripten::val callback)
 {
     if (!manager.IsModelOpen(modelID))
@@ -1007,6 +1024,13 @@ EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module)
         .field("expressID", &webifc::geometry::IfcFlatMesh::expressID);
 
     emscripten::register_vector<webifc::geometry::IfcFlatMesh>("IfcFlatMeshVector");
+
+    emscripten::value_object<webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands>("IfcBooleanOperands")
+        .field("expressID", &webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands::expressID)
+        .field("bodyMesh", &webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands::bodyMesh)
+        .field("voidMeshes", &webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands::voidMeshes)
+        .field("hasBooleanOp", &webifc::geometry::IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands::hasBooleans);
+
     emscripten::register_vector<uint32_t>("UintVector");
 
     emscripten::value_object<webifc::geometry::SweptDiskSolid>("SweptDiskSolid")
@@ -1157,6 +1181,7 @@ EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module)
     emscripten::function("IsModelOpen", &IsModelOpen);
     emscripten::function("GetGeometry", &GetGeometry);
     emscripten::function("GetFlatMesh", &GetFlatMesh);
+    emscripten::function("GetBooleanOperands", &GetBooleanOperands);
     emscripten::function("GetCoordinationMatrix", &GetCoordinationMatrix);
     emscripten::function("GetWorldTransformMatrix", &GetWorldTransformMatrix);
     emscripten::function("StreamMeshes", &StreamMeshesWithExpressID);
diff --git a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.cpp b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.cpp
index 123d72ab5..c2f304269 100644
--- a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.cpp
+++ b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.cpp
@@ -1692,6 +1692,83 @@ namespace webifc::geometry
         return flatMesh;
     }
 
+    IfcGeometryProcessor::IfcBooleanOperands IfcGeometryProcessor::GetBooleanOperands(uint32_t expressID)
+    {
+        spdlog::debug("[GetBooleanOperands({})]", expressID);
+        IfcBooleanOperands result;
+        result.expressID = expressID;
+
+        auto lineType = _loader.GetLineType(expressID);
+        if (!_schemaManager.IsIfcElement(lineType))
+            return result;
+
+        _loader.MoveToArgumentOffset(expressID, 5);
+        uint32_t localPlacement = 0;
+        if (_loader.GetTokenType() == parsing::IfcTokenType::REF)
+        {
+            _loader.StepBack();
+            localPlacement = _loader.GetRefArgument();
+        }
+        uint32_t ifcPresentation = 0;
+        if (_loader.GetTokenType() == parsing::IfcTokenType::REF)
+        {
+            _loader.StepBack();
+            ifcPresentation = _loader.GetRefArgument();
+        }
+
+        IfcComposedMesh bodyMesh;
+        bodyMesh.expressID = expressID;
+        bodyMesh.transformation = glm::dmat4(1);
+
+        std::optional<glm::dvec4> generatedColor = GetStyleItemFromExpressId(expressID);
+        if (generatedColor)
+        {
+            bodyMesh.color = generatedColor.value();
+            bodyMesh.hasColor = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            bodyMesh.color = glm::dvec4(1.0);
+            bodyMesh.hasColor = false;
+        }
+
+        if (localPlacement != 0 && _loader.IsValidExpressID(localPlacement))
+            bodyMesh.transformation = _geometryLoader.GetLocalPlacement(localPlacement);
+
+        if (ifcPresentation != 0 && _loader.IsValidExpressID(ifcPresentation))
+            bodyMesh.children.push_back(GetMesh(ifcPresentation));
+
+        glm::dmat4 mat = glm::scale(glm::dvec3(_cache.GetLinearScalingFactor()));
+
+        result.bodyMesh.expressID = expressID;
+        glm::dvec4 bodyColor = glm::dvec4(1, 1, 1, 1);
+        bool bodyHasColor = false;
+        AddComposedMeshToFlatMesh(result.bodyMesh, bodyMesh, _transformation * NormalizeIFC * mat, bodyColor, bodyHasColor);
+
+        auto &relVoids = _cache.GetRelVoids();
+        auto relVoidsIt = relVoids.find(expressID);
+
+        if (relVoidsIt != relVoids.end() && !relVoidsIt->second.empty())
+        {
+            result.hasBooleans = true;
+
+            for (auto relVoidExpressID : relVoidsIt->second)
+            {
+                IfcComposedMesh voidComposed = GetMesh(relVoidExpressID);
+
+                IfcFlatMesh voidFlat;
+                voidFlat.expressID = relVoidExpressID;
+                glm::dvec4 voidColor = glm::dvec4(1, 1, 1, 1);
+                bool voidHasColor = false;
+                AddComposedMeshToFlatMesh(voidFlat, voidComposed, _transformation * NormalizeIFC * mat, voidColor, voidHasColor);
+
+                result.voidMeshes.push_back(voidFlat);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Extracts all the geometries and their associated colors and transformations from a composed mesh
      * and adds them to the flat mesh geometries field.
diff --git a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.h b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.h
index 37c9e80be..ad5056a9c 100644
--- a/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.h
+++ b/src/cpp/web-ifc/geometry/IfcGeometryProcessor.h
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ namespace webifc::geometry
     IfcGeometry &GetGeometry(uint32_t expressID);
     IfcGeometryLoader& GetLoader();
     IfcFlatMesh GetFlatMesh(uint32_t expressID, bool applyLinearScalingFactor = true);
+    struct IfcBooleanOperands {
+        uint32_t expressID = 0;
+        IfcFlatMesh bodyMesh;
+        std::vector<IfcFlatMesh> voidMeshes;
+        bool hasBooleans = false;
+    };
+    IfcBooleanOperands GetBooleanOperands(uint32_t expressID);
     IfcComposedMesh GetMesh(uint32_t expressID);
     void SetTransformation(const std::array<double, 16> &val);
     std::array<double, 16> GetFlatCoordinationMatrix() const;
diff --git a/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts b/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
index 491d2b82d..f4bfac4db 100644
--- a/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
+++ b/src/ts/web-ifc-api.ts
@@ -115,6 +115,13 @@ export interface FlatMesh {
   delete(): void;
 }
 
+export interface BooleanOperands {
+    expressID: number;
+    bodyMesh: FlatMesh;
+    voidMeshes: Vector<FlatMesh>;
+    hasBooleanOp: boolean;
+}
+
 export interface Point {
   x: number;
   y: number;
@@ -730,7 +737,11 @@ export class IfcAPI {
    * @param modelID Model handle retrieved by OpenModel
    * @param headerType Type of header data you want to retrieve
    * ifc.FILE_NAME, ifc.FILE_DESCRIPTION or ifc.FILE_SCHEMA
-   * @returns An object with parameters ID, type and arguments
+   *despres tenim aquests dos arxius.
+   
+   
+   
+   Bé la cosa es que necessito d'alguna manera pensar un métode per extreure, d'un objecte del IFC els elements que fa servir en una operació booleana pero sense fer la booleana @returns An object with parameters ID, type and arguments
    */
   GetHeaderLine(modelID: number, headerType: number) {
     return this.wasmModule.GetHeaderLine(modelID, headerType);
@@ -1439,6 +1450,19 @@ export class IfcAPI {
     return this.wasmModule.GetFlatMesh(modelID, expressID);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Returns the boolean operands for an element without performing the final boolean operation.
+   * The body mesh includes all internal CSG operations (clippings, halfspaces) fully resolved.
+   * The void meshes are the resolved geometries of each IfcOpeningElement linked via IfcRelVoidsElement.
+   * If the element has no voids, hasBooleanOp is false and voidMeshes is empty.
+   * @param modelID Model handle retrieved by OpenModel
+   * @param expressID ExpressID of the IfcElement (wall, slab, etc.)
+   * @returns BooleanOperands with separated body and void geometries
+   */
+  GetBooleanOperands(modelID: number, expressID: number): BooleanOperands {
+      return this.wasmModule.GetBooleanOperands(modelID, expressID);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns the maximum ExpressID value in the IFC file, ex.- #9999999
    * @param modelID Model handle retrieved by OpenModel

From 0fb978cd8774571ec45d7fd50f2a84ff85e73133 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: QuimMoya <q.moya@hotmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Apr 2026 20:42:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Update tsconfig.json

---
 tsconfig.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 89942bd33..3bd72c5d2 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
     "strictPropertyInitialization": true,        
     "alwaysStrict": true,
     "rootDir":"./src/ts",
-    "ignoreDeprecations": "6.0",
+    "ignoreDeprecations": "5.0",
     "types": ["node","jest"],
     "module":"node16",
     "isolatedModules": true