Add t-SNE algorithm for dimensionality reduction (#13432)

Author: Nikita-Kedari

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -623,6 +623,7 @@
   * [Sequential Minimum Optimization](machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py)
   * [Similarity Search](machine_learning/similarity_search.py)
   * [Support Vector Machines](machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py)
+  * [t-SNE] (machine_learning/tsne.py)
   * [Word Frequency Functions](machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py)
   * [Xgboost Classifier](machine_learning/xgboost_classifier.py)
   * [Xgboost Regressor](machine_learning/xgboost_regressor.py)

machine_learning/tsne.py

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+"""
+t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
+---------------------------------------------------
+t-SNE is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm used for visualizing
+high-dimensional data in a lower-dimensional (usually 2D or 3D) space.
+
+It models pairwise similarities between points in both the high-dimensional
+and low-dimensional spaces, and minimizes the difference between them
+using gradient descent.
+
+This simplified implementation demonstrates the core idea of t-SNE for
+educational purposes — it is **not optimized for large datasets**.
+
+This implementation:
+- Computes pairwise similarities in the high-dimensional space.
+- Computes pairwise similarities in the low-dimensional (embedding) space.
+- Minimizes the Kullback–Leibler divergence between these distributions
+  using gradient descent.
+- Follows the original t-SNE formulation by van der Maaten & Hinton (2008).
+
+References:
+- van der Maaten, L. and Hinton, G. (2008).
+  "Visualizing Data using t-SNE". Journal of Machine Learning Research.
+- https://lvdmaaten.github.io/tsne/
+
+Key Steps:
+1. Compute pairwise similarities (P) in high-dimensional space.
+2. Initialize low-dimensional map (Y) randomly.
+3. Compute pairwise similarities (Q) in low-dimensional space using
+   Student-t distribution.
+4. Minimize KL-divergence between P and Q using gradient descent.
+"""
+import doctest
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
+
+def collect_dataset() -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    """
+    Collects the dataset (Iris dataset) and returns feature matrix and target values.
+
+    :return: Tuple containing feature matrix (X) and target labels (y)
+
+    Example:
+    >>> X, y = collect_dataset()
+    >>> X.shape
+    (150, 4)
+    >>> y.shape
+    (150,)
+    """
+    data = load_iris()
+    return np.array(data.data), np.array(data.target)
+
+def compute_pairwise_affinities(X: np.ndarray, sigma: float = 1.0) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    Computes pairwise affinities (P matrix) in high-dimensional space using Gaussian kernel.
+
+    :param X: Input data of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+    :param sigma: Variance (Bandwidth) of the Gaussian kernel
+    :return: Symmetrized probability matrix P of shape (n_samples, n_samples)/ Pairwise affinity matrix P
+
+    Example:
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> X = np.array([[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0]])
+    >>> P = compute_pairwise_affinities(X)
+    >>> float(round(P[0, 1], 3))
+    0.25
+    """
+    n = X.shape[0]
+    sum_X = np.sum(np.square(X), axis=1)
+    D = np.add(np.add(-2 * np.dot(X, X.T), sum_X).T, sum_X)
+    P = np.exp(-D / (2 * sigma ** 2))
+    np.fill_diagonal(P, 0)
+    P /= np.sum(P)
+    return (P + P.T) / (2 * n)
+
+def compute_low_dim_affinities(Y: np.ndarray) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    """
+    Computes low-dimensional similarities (Q matrix) using Student-t distribution.
+
+    :param Y: Low-dimensional embeddings (n_samples, n_components)
+    :return: Tuple (Q, num) where Q is the probability matrix and num is numerator array
+    """
+    sum_Y = np.sum(np.square(Y), axis=1)
+    num = 1 / (1 + np.add(np.add(-2 * np.dot(Y, Y.T), sum_Y).T, sum_Y))
+    np.fill_diagonal(num, 0)
+    Q = num / np.sum(num)
+    return Q, num
+
+
+def apply_tsne(
+    data_x: np.ndarray,
+    n_components: int = 2,
+    learning_rate: float = 200.0,
+    n_iter: int = 500,
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    """
+    Applies t-SNE to reduce data dimensionality for visualization.
+
+    :param data_x: Original dataset (features)
+    :param n_components: Target dimension (2D or 3D)
+    :param learning_rate: Learning rate for gradient descent
+    :param n_iter: Number of iterations
+    :return: Transformed dataset (low-dimensional embedding)
+
+    Example:
+    >>> X, _ = collect_dataset()
+    >>> Y = apply_tsne(X, n_components=2, n_iter=250)
+    >>> Y.shape
+    (150, 2)
+    """
+    if n_components < 1:
+        raise ValueError("n_components must be >= 1")
+    if n_iter < 1:
+        raise ValueError("n_iter must be >= 1")
+
+    n_samples = data_x.shape[0]
+
+    # Initialize low-dimensional map randomly
+    Y = np.random.randn(n_samples, n_components) * 1e-4
+    P = compute_pairwise_affinities(data_x)
+    P = np.maximum(P, 1e-12)
+
+    # Initialize parameters
+    Y_inc = np.zeros_like(Y)
+    momentum = 0.5
+
+    for i in range(n_iter):
+        Q, num = compute_low_dim_affinities(Y)
+        Q = np.maximum(Q, 1e-12)
+
+        PQ = P - Q
+
+        # Compute gradient
+        dY = 4 * (
+            np.dot((PQ * num), Y)
+            - np.multiply(np.sum(PQ * num, axis=1)[:, np.newaxis], Y)
+        )
+
+        # Update with momentum and learning rate
+        Y_inc = momentum * Y_inc - learning_rate * dY
+        Y += Y_inc
+
+        # Adjust momentum halfway through
+        if i == int(n_iter / 4):
+            momentum = 0.8
+
+    return Y
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """
+    Driver function for t-SNE demonstration.
+    """
+    X, y = collect_dataset()
+
+    Y = apply_tsne(X, n_components=2, n_iter=300)
+    print("t-SNE embedding (first 5 points):")
+    print(Y[:5])
+
+    # Optional visualization (commented to avoid dependency)
+    # import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    # plt.scatter(Y[:, 0], Y[:, 1], c=y, cmap="viridis")
+    # plt.title("t-SNE Visualization of Iris Dataset")
+    # plt.xlabel("Component 1")
+    # plt.ylabel("Component 2")
+    # plt.show()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    doctest.testmod()
+    main()
+
+"""
+Explanation of t-SNE Implementation
+-----------------------------------
+
+Input:
+- data_x: numpy array of shape (n_samples, n_features)
+  Example: Iris dataset (150 samples × 4 features)
+- n_components: target dimension (usually 2 or 3 for visualization)
+- learning_rate: controls step size in gradient descent
+- n_iter: number of iterations for optimization
+
+Output:
+- Y: numpy array of shape (n_samples, n_components)
+  Each row is the low-dimensional embedding of the corresponding high-dimensional point.
+
+How it works:
+1. Compute high-dimensional similarities (P matrix):
+   - Measures how likely points are neighbors in the original space.
+2. Initialize low-dimensional map (Y) randomly.
+3. Compute low-dimensional similarities (Q matrix) using Student-t distribution:
+   - Heavy tail prevents distant points from crowding together.
+4. Compute gradient of KL divergence between P and Q:
+   - If points are too far in low-D (Q < P), pull them closer.
+   - If points are too close in low-D (Q > P), push them apart.
+5. Update Y using gradient descent with momentum:
+   - Repeat for n_iter iterations until low-dimensional layout reflects high-dimensional structure.
+
+Why it works:
+- t-SNE tries to preserve **local structure**: neighbors stay close in the embedding.
+- Distant points may not be perfectly preserved (global structure is secondary).
+- The algorithm minimizes the KL divergence between high-D and low-D similarity distributions.
+"""