From d218dd15c50cd3dd1bbe8b58d266f61cd91f5730 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Venkat Thadi <venkatthadi11@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2025 21:12:48 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] added wronskian_second_order_de.py

---
 maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py | 178 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 178 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py

diff --git a/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py b/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8d9f13d7c357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""
+Module to analyze homogeneous linear differential equations.
+
+It supports:
+    - Second-order equations: a*y'' + b*y' + c*y = 0
+    - First-order equations:  b*y' + c*y = 0  (when a = 0)
+
+Features:
+    - Computes characteristic roots (for second-order)
+    - Derives fundamental solutions
+    - Calculates first derivatives
+    - Evaluates the Wronskian determinant
+    - Tests for linear independence
+
+References:
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_differential_equation
+"""
+
+import cmath
+from sympy import symbols, exp, cos, sin, diff, simplify
+
+
+def compute_characteristic_roots(
+    coefficient_a: float, coefficient_b: float, coefficient_c: float
+) -> tuple[complex, complex]:
+    """
+    Compute roots of the characteristic equation:
+        a*r^2 + b*r + c = 0
+
+    >>> compute_characteristic_roots(1, -2, 1)
+    ((1+0j), (1+0j))
+    >>> compute_characteristic_roots(1, 0, 1)
+    ((0+1j), (0-1j))
+    """
+    discriminant = coefficient_b**2 - 4 * coefficient_a * coefficient_c
+    sqrt_discriminant = cmath.sqrt(discriminant)
+    root_1 = (-coefficient_b + sqrt_discriminant) / (2 * coefficient_a)
+    root_2 = (-coefficient_b - sqrt_discriminant) / (2 * coefficient_a)
+    return root_1, root_2
+
+
+def construct_fundamental_solutions(root_1: complex, root_2: complex):
+    """
+    Construct fundamental solutions (y1, y2) of a 2nd-order ODE.
+
+    >>> from sympy import symbols, exp
+    >>> x = symbols('x')
+    >>> r1, r2 = 1, 1
+    >>> construct_fundamental_solutions(r1, r2)
+    (exp(x), x*exp(x))
+    """
+    variable_x = symbols("x")
+
+    # Case 1: Real and equal roots
+    if root_1 == root_2 and root_1.imag == 0:
+        solution_1 = exp(root_1.real * variable_x)
+        solution_2 = variable_x * exp(root_1.real * variable_x)
+
+    # Case 2: Real and distinct roots
+    elif root_1.imag == 0 and root_2.imag == 0:
+        solution_1 = exp(root_1.real * variable_x)
+        solution_2 = exp(root_2.real * variable_x)
+
+    # Case 3: Complex conjugate roots (α ± iβ)
+    else:
+        alpha = root_1.real
+        beta = abs(root_1.imag)
+        solution_1 = exp(alpha * variable_x) * cos(beta * variable_x)
+        solution_2 = exp(alpha * variable_x) * sin(beta * variable_x)
+
+    return solution_1, solution_2
+
+
+def compute_wronskian(function_1, function_2):
+    """
+    Compute the Wronskian determinant of two functions.
+
+    >>> from sympy import symbols, exp
+    >>> x = symbols('x')
+    >>> f1, f2 = exp(x), x*exp(x)
+    >>> compute_wronskian(f1, f2)
+    exp(2*x)
+    """
+    variable_x = symbols("x")
+    derivative_1 = diff(function_1, variable_x)
+    derivative_2 = diff(function_2, variable_x)
+    wronskian = simplify(function_1 * derivative_2 - function_2 * derivative_1)
+    return wronskian
+
+
+def solve_first_order_equation(coefficient_b: float, coefficient_c: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Solve the first-order ODE: b*y' + c*y = 0
+    and display its general solution and Wronskian.
+
+    >>> solve_first_order_equation(2, 4)
+    """
+    variable_x = symbols("x")
+    if coefficient_b == 0:
+        print("Error: Both a and b cannot be zero. Not a valid differential equation.")
+        return
+
+    # Simplified form: y' + (c/b)*y = 0
+    constant_k = coefficient_c / coefficient_b
+    solution = exp(-constant_k * variable_x)
+
+    derivative_solution = diff(solution, variable_x)
+    wronskian = simplify(solution * derivative_solution)
+
+    print("\n--- First-Order Differential Equation ---")
+    print(f"Equation: {coefficient_b}*y' + {coefficient_c}*y = 0")
+    print(f"Solution: y = C * e^(-({coefficient_c}/{coefficient_b}) * x)")
+    print(f"y'(x) = {derivative_solution}")
+    print(f"Wronskian (single function): {wronskian}")
+    print("Linear independence: Trivial (only one solution).")
+
+
+def analyze_differential_equation(
+    coefficient_a: float, coefficient_b: float, coefficient_c: float
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Determine the type of equation and analyze it accordingly.
+    """
+    # Case 1: Not a valid DE
+    if coefficient_a == 0 and coefficient_b == 0:
+        print("Error: Both 'a' and 'b' cannot be zero. Not a valid differential equation.")
+        return
+
+    # Case 2: First-order DE
+    if coefficient_a == 0:
+        solve_first_order_equation(coefficient_b, coefficient_c)
+        return
+
+    # Case 3: Second-order DE
+    print("\n--- Second-Order Differential Equation ---")
+    root_1, root_2 = compute_characteristic_roots(
+        coefficient_a, coefficient_b, coefficient_c
+    )
+
+    print(f"Characteristic roots: r1 = {root_1}, r2 = {root_2}")
+
+    function_1, function_2 = construct_fundamental_solutions(root_1, root_2)
+
+    variable_x = symbols("x")
+    derivative_1 = diff(function_1, variable_x)
+    derivative_2 = diff(function_2, variable_x)
+    wronskian = compute_wronskian(function_1, function_2)
+
+    print(f"y₁(x) = {function_1}")
+    print(f"y₂(x) = {function_2}")
+    print(f"y₁'(x) = {derivative_1}")
+    print(f"y₂'(x) = {derivative_2}")
+    print(f"Wronskian: {wronskian}")
+
+    if wronskian == 0:
+        print("The functions are linearly dependent.")
+    else:
+        print("The functions are linearly independent.")
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """
+    Entry point of the program.
+    """
+    print("Enter coefficients for the equation a*y'' + b*y' + c*y = 0")
+    try:
+        coefficient_a = float(input("a = ").strip())
+        coefficient_b = float(input("b = ").strip())
+        coefficient_c = float(input("c = ").strip())
+    except ValueError:
+        print("Invalid input. Please enter numeric values for coefficients.")
+        return
+
+    analyze_differential_equation(coefficient_a, coefficient_b, coefficient_c)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From 99753a22961f3764a029707336c3143a0f7fb501 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2025 15:47:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py b/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py
index 8d9f13d7c357..1e01f409a13a 100644
--- a/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py
+++ b/maths/wronskian_second_order_de.py
@@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ def analyze_differential_equation(
     """
     # Case 1: Not a valid DE
     if coefficient_a == 0 and coefficient_b == 0:
-        print("Error: Both 'a' and 'b' cannot be zero. Not a valid differential equation.")
+        print(
+            "Error: Both 'a' and 'b' cannot be zero. Not a valid differential equation."
+        )
         return
 
     # Case 2: First-order DE