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🧩 01-DARS: DJANGO LOYIHA STRUKTURASI

🎯 Dars Maqsadi

Bu darsda siz Django loyihasining tuzilmasi, har bir fayl va papkaning vazifasini chuqur o'rganasiz. settings.py, urls.py, manage.py kabi muhim fayllar va ularning parametrlarini batafsil tahlil qilasiz.

Dars oxirida siz:

✅ Django loyiha va ilova strukturasini to'liq tushunasiz
✅ settings.py dagi barcha asosiy sozlamalarni bilasiz
✅ manage.py buyruqlarini erkin ishlatishni o'rganasiz
✅ Loyiha va ilova orasidagi farqni anglaysiz
✅ URL routing mexanizmini tushunasiz
✅ Best practice'larni bilib olasiz

📚 Boshlashdan Oldin

Oldingi Darsdan Kerakli Bilimlar:

Django o'rnatilgan bo'lishi
Virtual environment yaratish
Terminal bilan ishlash
Django loyiha yaratish (django-admin startproject)

Tayyorgarlik:

# Virtual environment yaratish va faollashtirish
python -m venv env
env\Scripts\activate  # Windows
source env/bin/activate  # Linux/Mac

# Django o'rnatish
pip install django

🏗️ 1. LOYIHA VA ILOVA - FARQI NIMA?

1.1 Asosiy Tushunchalar

Django Project (Loyiha):

Butun web sayt uchun "konteyner"
Barcha sozlamalar, konfiguratsiyalar shu yerda
Bitta project ko'plab app'lardan iborat

Django App (Ilova):

Loyihaning alohida funksional qismi
Qayta ishlatiladigan modul
Bir project ichida ko'plab app bo'lishi mumkin

1.2 Real Hayot Misoli

📦 E-commerce Sayt (PROJECT)
├── 🛍️ shop (APP) - Mahsulotlar, buyurtmalar
├── 👤 users (APP) - Ro'yxatdan o'tish, login
├── 💳 payments (APP) - To'lov tizimlari
├── 📝 blog (APP) - Maqolalar
└── 📧 notifications (APP) - Email, SMS

Har bir app o'z vazifasini bajaradi va mustaqil ishlaydi!

🚀 2. DJANGO LOYIHA YARATISH

2.1 Loyiha Yaratish Buyrug'i

# Loyiha yaratish
django-admin startproject myshop .

Parameter tushuntirishlari:

django-admin - Django CLI tool
startproject - Yangi loyiha yaratish buyrug'i
myshop - Loyiha nomi (o'zingiz tanlaysiz)
. (nuqta) - Joriy papkada yaratish (muhim!)

Muhim: Agar nuqta . qo'shmasangiz, qo'shimcha papka yaratiladi!

2.2 Yaratilgan Struktura

myshop/                     ← Joriy papka
├── manage.py               ← Django boshqaruv fayli
└── myshop/                 ← Konfiguratsiya papkasi
    ├── __init__.py         ← Python package belgisi
    ├── settings.py         ← Barcha sozlamalar
    ├── urls.py             ← URL marshrutlari
    ├── asgi.py             ← Async server uchun
    └── wsgi.py             ← Production server uchun

2.3 Serverni Sinab Ko'rish

# Serverni ishga tushirish
python manage.py runserver

Natija:

Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.

Brauzerda http://127.0.0.1:8000/ ochib ko'ring - Django welcome sahifasi ko'rinishi kerak! 🎉

📱 3. DJANGO ILOVA YARATISH

3.1 Ilova Yaratish

# Ilova yaratish
python manage.py startapp shop

3.2 Ilova Strukturasi

shop/                       ← Ilova papkasi
├── __init__.py            ← Python package belgisi
├── admin.py               ← Admin panel sozlamalari
├── apps.py                ← Ilova konfiguratsiyasi
├── models.py              ← Database modellari
├── tests.py               ← Test kodlari
├── views.py               ← View funksiyalari (biznes logika)
└── migrations/            ← Database o'zgarishlari
    └── __init__.py

Muhim: Django avtomatik templates/ va static/ papkalarini yaratmaydi, siz qo'lda yaratishingiz kerak!

3.3 Ilovani Ro'yxatdan O'tkazish

Ilova yaratilgandan keyin uni loyihaga qo'shish SHART!

myshop/settings.py faylini oching:

# myshop/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # Django ning asosiy ilovalari
    'django.contrib.admin',           # Admin panel
    'django.contrib.auth',            # Autentifikatsiya tizimi
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',    # Content type framework
    'django.contrib.sessions',        # Session framework
    'django.contrib.messages',        # Messaging framework
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',     # Static fayllar boshqaruvi
    
    # Bizning ilovalarimiz
    'shop',                           # ← Qo'shdik!
]

Nima uchun qo'shish kerak?
Django faqat INSTALLED_APPS dagi ilovalarni ko'radi va ularning modellarini, migratsiyalarini, template'larini ishlata oladi.

⚙️ 4. SETTINGS.PY - BATAFSIL TAHLIL

settings.py - Django loyihasining "bosh miyasi". Barcha sozlamalar shu yerda!

4.1 Asosiy Sozlamalar

# myshop/settings.py

# ------------------------------
# 1. ASOSIY MA'LUMOTLAR
# ------------------------------

# SECRET_KEY - Xavfsizlik uchun maxfiy kalit
# HECH QACHON GitHub ga yubormang!
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-your-secret-key-here'

# DEBUG - Rivojlantirish rejimi
# Production da albatta False qiling!
DEBUG = True

# ALLOWED_HOSTS - Qaysi domenlar ishlatishi mumkin
# DEBUG=False bo'lganda to'ldirish SHART
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []  # Development da bo'sh bo'lishi mumkin

# ------------------------------
# 2. INSTALLED APPS
# ------------------------------

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # Django default apps
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    
    # Third-party packages
    # 'rest_framework',  # DRF qo'shganingizda
    
    # Bizning ilovalarimiz
    'shop',
    'users',
]

# ------------------------------
# 3. MIDDLEWARE
# ------------------------------

# Middleware - har bir request/response o'rtasida ishlaydigan "qatlamlar"
MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',      # Xavfsizlik
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',  # Session
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',          # Umumiy
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',          # CSRF himoya
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',  # Auth
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',  # Messages
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',  # Clickjacking
]

# ------------------------------
# 4. URL VA TEMPLATES
# ------------------------------

# Asosiy URL konfiguratsiya fayli
ROOT_URLCONF = 'myshop.urls'

# Template sozlamalari
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        
        # Template'larni qayerdan izlash
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],  # Loyiha darajasidagi templates
        
        # Har bir app ichidagi templates/ papkalarni qidirish
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        
        # Context processors - har bir template da avtomatik mavjud o'zgaruvchilar
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',  # request obyekti
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',  # user obyekti
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',  # messages
            ],
        },
    },
]

# WSGI application
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'myshop.wsgi.application'

# ------------------------------
# 5. DATABASE
# ------------------------------

# Database sozlamalari (default - SQLite)
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',  # Database turi
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',         # Database fayl nomi
    }
}

# PostgreSQL misoli:
# DATABASES = {
#     'default': {
#         'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
#         'NAME': 'myshop_db',
#         'USER': 'postgres',
#         'PASSWORD': 'yourpassword',
#         'HOST': 'localhost',
#         'PORT': '5432',
#     }
# }

# ------------------------------
# 6. PASSWORD VALIDATION
# ------------------------------

# Parol qanchalik kuchli bo'lishi kerakligi
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        # Parol user ma'lumotlariga o'xshamasligi kerak
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        # Minimal uzunlik - 8 ta belgi
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        # Oddiy parollar (12345, password) ishlatib bo'lmaydi
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        # Faqat raqamlardan iborat parol ishlatib bo'lmaydi
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]

# ------------------------------
# 7. LOCALIZATION (Til va vaqt)
# ------------------------------

# Til sozlamalari
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'uz-uz'  # O'zbek tili
# LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'  # Ingliz tili

# Vaqt zonasi
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Tashkent'  # O'zbekiston vaqti
# TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'  # UTC vaqt

# Tarjima tizimini yoqish/o'chirish
USE_I18N = True

# Mahalliy vaqt formatlarini ishlatish
USE_TZ = True

# ------------------------------
# 8. STATIC VA MEDIA FILES
# ------------------------------

# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
STATIC_URL = '/static/'  # URL prefiksi

# Development da static fayllar joylashadigan joylar
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    BASE_DIR / 'static',
]

# Production da barcha static fayllar yig'iladigan joy
# STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'staticfiles'

# Media files (User uploads)
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

# ------------------------------
# 9. DEFAULT PRIMARY KEY
# ------------------------------

# Django 3.2+ da avtomatik ID turi
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'

4.2 Environment Variables (Xavfsizlik)

Production da maxfiy ma'lumotlarni kod ichiga yozmaslik kerak!

.env fayl yaratish:

# .env
SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key-here
DEBUG=False
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@localhost/dbname

settings.py da ishlatish:

# settings.py
import os
from pathlib import Path

# .env faylni o'qish uchun (python-decouple yoki django-environ)
from decouple import config

SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')
DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool)

O'rnatish:

pip install python-decouple

🔗 5. URLS.PY - ROUTING TIZIMI

5.1 Loyiha URLs (myshop/urls.py)

# myshop/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include  # include import qildik
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # Admin panel
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    
    # Shop ilova URL'lari
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/ dan boshlanadigan barcha URL'lar
    # shop/urls.py ga yo'naltiriladi
    path('shop/', include('shop.urls')),
    
    # Users ilova URL'lari
    path('users/', include('users.urls')),
    
    # Bosh sahifa uchun
    path('', include('home.urls')),
]

# Development da media fayllarni ko'rsatish uchun
if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
    urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)

5.2 Ilova URLs (shop/urls.py)

# shop/urls.py (bu faylni o'zingiz yaratishingiz kerak!)

from django.urls import path
from . import views  # Shu papkadagi views.py ni import qilish

# App nomi - reverse URL lar uchun
app_name = 'shop'

urlpatterns = [
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/
    path('', views.product_list, name='product_list'),
    
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/5/
    path('<int:id>/', views.product_detail, name='product_detail'),
    
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/categories/
    path('categories/', views.category_list, name='category_list'),
    
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/category/electronics/
    path('category/<slug:slug>/', views.category_detail, name='category_detail'),
]

URL pattern parametrlari:

<int:id> - Butun son (1, 2, 3...)
<str:name> - String (text)
<slug:slug> - Slug (my-product-name)
<uuid:id> - UUID

5.3 Views.py Misoli

# shop/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Product

def product_list(request):
    """
    Barcha mahsulotlarni ko'rsatish
    URL: /shop/
    """
    # Database dan barcha mahsulotlarni olish
    products = Product.objects.all()
    
    # Template ga ma'lumot yuborish
    context = {
        'products': products,
        'title': 'Barcha Mahsulotlar'
    }
    
    return render(request, 'shop/product_list.html', context)


def product_detail(request, id):
    """
    Bitta mahsulot tafsilotlari
    URL: /shop/5/
    """
    # ID bo'yicha mahsulotni topish (topilmasa 404)
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, id=id)
    
    context = {
        'product': product,
        'title': product.name
    }
    
    return render(request, 'shop/product_detail.html', context)


def category_detail(request, slug):
    """
    Kategoriya bo'yicha mahsulotlar
    URL: /shop/category/electronics/
    """
    # Slug bo'yicha mahsulotlarni filtrlash
    products = Product.objects.filter(category__slug=slug)
    
    context = {
        'products': products,
        'category_name': slug.replace('-', ' ').title()
    }
    
    return render(request, 'shop/category_products.html', context)

🛠️ 6. MANAGE.PY - ASOSIY BUYRUQLAR

6.1 Eng Ko'p Ishlatiladigan Buyruqlar

# ========================================
# SERVER
# ========================================

# Serverni ishga tushirish (default: 127.0.0.1:8000)
python manage.py runserver

# Boshqa portda ishga tushirish
python manage.py runserver 8080

# Network dan kirish uchun
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

# ========================================
# ILOVA VA LOYIHA
# ========================================

# Yangi ilova yaratish
python manage.py startapp users

# ========================================
# DATABASE
# ========================================

# Migration fayllarini yaratish
# (models.py o'zgarganda)
python manage.py makemigrations

# Migrationslarni database ga qo'llash
python manage.py migrate

# Ma'lum bir app uchun migration
python manage.py makemigrations shop

# Migrationlarni ko'rish
python manage.py showmigrations

# Migration SQL ni ko'rish
python manage.py sqlmigrate shop 0001

# ========================================
# SUPERUSER (Admin)
# ========================================

# Superuser yaratish
python manage.py createsuperuser

# Parolni o'zgartirish
python manage.py changepassword username

# ========================================
# SHELL (Interactive Python)
# ========================================

# Django shell ochish
python manage.py shell

# Shell_plus (agar django-extensions o'rnatilgan bo'lsa)
python manage.py shell_plus

# ========================================
# STATIC FILES
# ========================================

# Barcha static fayllarni yig'ish (production)
python manage.py collectstatic

# ========================================
# DATABASE DUMP
# ========================================

# Database ni JSON ga export qilish
python manage.py dumpdata > backup.json

# Ma'lum app ni export qilish
python manage.py dumpdata shop > shop_data.json

# JSON dan database ga import qilish
python manage.py loaddata backup.json

# ========================================
# TESTING
# ========================================

# Barcha testlarni ishga tushirish
python manage.py test

# Ma'lum app testlari
python manage.py test shop

# ========================================
# BOSHQALAR
# ========================================

# Barcha buyruqlarni ko'rish
python manage.py help

# Ma'lum buyruq haqida ma'lumot
python manage.py help migrate

# Database ni tozalash (hamma ma'lumotni o'chirish)
python manage.py flush

# Django versiyasini ko'rish
python -m django --version

6.2 Shell Misoli

# Terminal da:
python manage.py shell

# Shell ichida:
>>> from shop.models import Product
>>> 
>>> # Barcha mahsulotlar
>>> Product.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Product: Laptop>, <Product: Phone>]>
>>> 
>>> # Yangi mahsulot yaratish
>>> product = Product.objects.create(
...     name='Tablet',
...     price=500,
...     description='Samsung Tablet'
... )
>>> 
>>> # Mahsulotni olish
>>> p = Product.objects.get(id=1)
>>> print(p.name)
Laptop
>>> 
>>> # O'zgartirish
>>> p.price = 1200
>>> p.save()
>>> 
>>> # O'chirish
>>> p.delete()

📂 7. TO'LIQ LOYIHA STRUKTURASI

7.1 Professional Struktura

myshop/                             ← Loyiha root
│
├── manage.py                       ← Django CLI
│
├── myshop/                         ← Loyiha konfiguratsiya
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── settings.py                 ← Asosiy sozlamalar
│   ├── urls.py                     ← Root URL routing
│   ├── asgi.py                     ← ASGI server
│   └── wsgi.py                     ← WSGI server
│
├── shop/                           ← Shop app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── admin.py                    ← Admin panel
│   ├── apps.py                     ← App config
│   ├── models.py                   ← Database models
│   ├── views.py                    ← View functions
│   ├── urls.py                     ← Shop URLs
│   ├── tests.py                    ← Test cases
│   ├── forms.py                    ← Django forms (qo'lda yaratiladi)
│   ├── serializers.py              ← DRF serializers (agar DRF bo'lsa)
│   │
│   ├── migrations/                 ← Database migrations
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   └── 0001_initial.py
│   │
│   ├── templates/                  ← App templates
│   │   └── shop/
│   │       ├── product_list.html
│   │       └── product_detail.html
│   │
│   ├── static/                     ← App static files
│   │   └── shop/
│   │       ├── css/
│   │       ├── js/
│   │       └── images/
│   │
│   └── management/                 ← Custom commands
│       └── commands/
│           └── import_products.py
│
├── users/                          ← Users app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── admin.py
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── views.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── ...
│
├── templates/                      ← Loyiha darajasidagi templates
│   ├── base.html
│   ├── home.html
│   └── includes/
│       ├── header.html
│       └── footer.html
│
├── static/                         ← Loyiha darajasidagi static
│   ├── css/
│   │   └── style.css
│   ├── js/
│   │   └── main.js
│   └── images/
│       └── logo.png
│
├── media/                          ← User uploads
│   └── products/
│       └── laptop.jpg
│
├── env/                            ← Virtual environment (gitignore!)
│
├── .env                            ← Environment variables (gitignore!)
├── .gitignore                      ← Git ignore fayli
├── requirements.txt                ← Python dependencies
└── README.md                       ← Loyiha hujjatlari

7.2 .gitignore Fayl

# .gitignore

# Python
*.pyc
__pycache__/
*.py[cod]
*$py.class

# Django
*.log
db.sqlite3
db.sqlite3-journal
media/

# Virtual Environment
env/
venv/
ENV/
.venv

# Environment variables
.env
.env.local

# IDE
.vscode/
.idea/
*.swp
*.swo

# OS
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

# Static files
staticfiles/
static_root/

7.3 requirements.txt

# requirements.txt

Django==5.0.1
python-decouple==3.8
Pillow==10.1.0
djangorestframework==3.14.0

Yaratish:

pip freeze > requirements.txt

O'rnatish (boshqa kompyuterda):

pip install -r requirements.txt

🎨 8. MVT PATTERN QANDAY ISHLAYDI?

8.1 Request Flow

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    1. BROWSER REQUEST                     │
│              http://127.0.0.1:8000/shop/5/               │
└────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                         │
                         ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    2. URLS ROUTING                        │
│   myshop/urls.py → shop/urls.py → views.product_detail   │
└────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                         │
                         ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                      3. VIEW FUNCTION                     │
│        def product_detail(request, id):                   │
│            product = Product.objects.get(id=id)           │
│            return render(request, 'template', context)    │
└────────┬─────────────────────────────┬───────────────────┘
         │                             │
         ▼                             ▼
┌─────────────────────┐       ┌──────────────────────┐
│   4. MODEL (ORM)    │       │   5. TEMPLATE (HTML) │
│  Database Query     │       │   Django Templates   │
│  Product.objects... │       │   {{ product.name }} │
└─────────────────────┘       └──────────────────────┘
         │                             │
         └─────────────┬───────────────┘
                       ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  6. HTTP RESPONSE (HTML)                  │
│              Browserga HTML qaytariladi                   │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

8.2 Amaliy Misol

1. Model (shop/models.py):

from django.db import models

class Product(models.Model):
    """
    Mahsulot modeli - database dagi 'shop_product' jadvalini ifodalaydi
    """
    # Maydonlar
    name = models.CharField(
        max_length=200,
        verbose_name="Mahsulot nomi",
        help_text="Mahsulot nomini kiriting"
    )
    
    slug = models.SlugField(
        unique=True,
        verbose_name="URL slug",
        help_text="my-product-name formatida"
    )
    
    price = models.DecimalField(
        max_digits=10,
        decimal_places=2,
        verbose_name="Narx",
        help_text="UZS da"
    )
    
    description = models.TextField(
        verbose_name="Tavsif",
        blank=True  # Bo'sh bo'lishi mumkin
    )
    
    image = models.ImageField(
        upload_to='products/',
        verbose_name="Rasm",
        null=True,
        blank=True
    )
    
    is_available = models.BooleanField(
        default=True,
        verbose_name="Mavjudmi?"
    )
    
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(
        auto_now_add=True,  # Avtomatik yaratilgan vaqt
        verbose_name="Yaratilgan"
    )
    
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(
        auto_now=True,  # Har safar yangilanganda update
        verbose_name="Yangilangan"
    )
    
    class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Mahsulot"
        verbose_name_plural = "Mahsulotlar"
        ordering = ['-created_at']  # Eng yangilari birinchi
        
    def __str__(self):
        """Admin panelda ko'rinadigan nom"""
        return self.name
    
    def get_absolute_url(self):
        """Mahsulot detali URL"""
        from django.urls import reverse
        return reverse('shop:product_detail', kwargs={'id': self.id})

2. View (shop/views.py):

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Product

def product_detail(request, id):
    """
    Bitta mahsulot tafsilotlarini ko'rsatish
    
    Args:
        request: Django request obyekti
        id: Mahsulot ID raqami (URL dan keladi)
        
    Returns:
        HttpResponse obyekti (rendered template)
    """
    # 1. Database dan mahsulotni olish
    # get_object_or_404 - topilmasa avtomatik 404 error
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, id=id)
    
    # 2. Context - template ga yuboriladi ma'lumotlar
    context = {
        'product': product,
        'title': f'{product.name} - Batafsil',
        'is_available': product.is_available,
    }
    
    # 3. Template render qilish va response qaytarish
    return render(
        request,  # HTTP request
        'shop/product_detail.html',  # Template fayl
        context  # Template da ishlatadigan ma'lumotlar
    )


def product_list(request):
    """
    Barcha mahsulotlar ro'yxati
    """
    # Faqat mavjud mahsulotlarni olish
    products = Product.objects.filter(is_available=True)
    
    # Qidirish funksionaliysi
    search_query = request.GET.get('search', '')  # ?search=laptop
    if search_query:
        products = products.filter(name__icontains=search_query)
    
    context = {
        'products': products,
        'title': 'Barcha Mahsulotlar',
        'search_query': search_query,
        'total_count': products.count(),
    }
    
    return render(request, 'shop/product_list.html', context)

3. Template (shop/templates/shop/product_detail.html):

{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% load static %}

{% block title %}{{ product.name }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
<div class="product-detail">
    <!-- Mahsulot rasmi -->
    {% if product.image %}
        <img src="{{ product.image.url }}" alt="{{ product.name }}">
    {% else %}
        <img src="{% static 'images/no-image.png' %}" alt="No image">
    {% endif %}
    
    <!-- Mahsulot ma'lumotlari -->
    <h1>{{ product.name }}</h1>
    
    <!-- Narx -->
    <p class="price">{{ product.price|floatformat:0 }} UZS</p>
    
    <!-- Tavsif -->
    <div class="description">
        {{ product.description|linebreaks }}
    </div>
    
    <!-- Mavjudlik -->
    {% if product.is_available %}
        <span class="badge badge-success">Mavjud</span>
        <button class="btn btn-primary">Sotib olish</button>
    {% else %}
        <span class="badge badge-danger">Mavjud emas</span>
    {% endif %}
    
    <!-- Vaqt -->
    <small>
        Yaratilgan: {{ product.created_at|date:"d.m.Y H:i" }}
    </small>
</div>
{% endblock %}

4. URL (shop/urls.py):

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'shop'

urlpatterns = [
    # /shop/
    path('', views.product_list, name='product_list'),
    
    # /shop/5/
    path('<int:id>/', views.product_detail, name='product_detail'),
]

🎯 AMALIYOT TOPSHIRIQLARI

📝 Topshiriq 1: Loyiha Strukturasini O'rganish (Oson)

Maqsad: Django loyiha va ilova strukturasini amalda ko'rish

Qadamlar:

myblog nomli yangi loyiha yarating
posts nomli ilova yarating
Ilovani INSTALLED_APPS ga qo'shing
posts/urls.py faylini yarating
Root urls.py ga posts.urls ni include qiling
Serverni ishga tushiring va tekshiring

Natija: Loyiha ishlab turishi va URLlar to'g'ri bog'langan bo'lishi kerak

📝 Topshiriq 2: Settings.py Sozlash (O'rta)

Maqsad: settings.py ni professional sozlash

Vazifalar:

LANGUAGE_CODE ni 'uz-uz' ga o'zgartiring
TIME_ZONE ni 'Asia/Tashkent' ga o'zgartiring
STATIC_URL va STATICFILES_DIRS sozlang
MEDIA_URL va MEDIA_ROOT qo'shing
.env fayl yaratib SECRET_KEY ni tashqariga chiqaring
python-decouple o'rnatib ishlatib ko'ring

Natija: Loyiha o'zbek tilida va xavfsiz sozlamalar bilan ishlaydi

📝 Topshiriq 3: To'liq MVT Misol (Qiyin)

Maqsad: Model-View-Template zanjirini amalda yaratish