🐘 01-DARS: POSTGRESQL O'RNATISH VA SOZLASH

📋 MAVZU REJASI

PostgreSQL haqida
PostgreSQL'ning afzalliklari
PostgreSQL komponentlari
PostgreSQL'ni o'rnatish
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
pgAdmin bilan ishlash
Terminal orqali PostgreSQL
Birinchi database yaratish
Amaliy mashg'ulot

🎯 DARS MAQSADI

Ushbu darsda siz quyidagilarni o'rganasiz:

✅ PostgreSQL nima va qanday ishlaydi
✅ PostgreSQL'ni turli operatsion tizimlarga o'rnatish
✅ pgAdmin vositasi bilan ishlash
✅ Terminal orqali PostgreSQL'ga ulanish
✅ Birinchi ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratish
✅ Asosiy buyruqlar bilan tanishish

🐘 POSTGRESQL HAQIDA

📌 PostgreSQL nima?

PostgreSQL — bu dunyodagi eng kuchli va ilg'or relatsion ma'lumotlar bazasi tizimi (RDBMS) bo'lib, to'liq bepul va ochiq kodli (open-source) dasturdir.

🏆 Qisqacha tarix

timeline
    title PostgreSQL Tarixiy Rivojlanishi
    1986 : UC Berkeley universiteti
         : Professor Michael Stonebraker
         : POSTGRES loyihasi boshlanadi
    1996 : SQL qo'llab-quvvatlanadi
         : PostgreSQL nomini oladi
    2005 : Windows versiyasi chiqadi
    2010 : JSON qo'llab-quvvatlash
    2017 : Parallel queries
    2023 : PostgreSQL 15
    2024 : PostgreSQL 16 (hozirgi versiya)

🌟 Real hayotda kim ishlatadi?

PostgreSQL'ni dunyodagi eng yirik kompaniyalar ishlatadi:

graph TB
    A[PostgreSQL] --> B[🎵 Spotify]
    A --> C[📸 Instagram]
    A --> D[🎮 Twitch]
    A --> E[💰 Uber]
    A --> F[🎬 Netflix]
    A --> G[📱 Apple]
    A --> H[🛒 Amazon]
    
    style A fill:#336791,color:#fff,stroke:#2c5282,stroke-width:3px
    style B fill:#1DB954,color:#fff,stroke:#15803d,stroke-width:2px
    style C fill:#E4405F,color:#fff,stroke:#be123c,stroke-width:2px
    style D fill:#9146FF,color:#fff,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:2px
    style E fill:#000000,color:#fff,stroke:#374151,stroke-width:2px
    style F fill:#E50914,color:#fff,stroke:#991b1b,stroke-width:2px
    style G fill:#555555,color:#fff,stroke:#1f2937,stroke-width:2px
    style H fill:#FF9900,color:#000,stroke:#ea580c,stroke-width:2px

Nima uchun ular PostgreSQL'ni tanlagan?

✅ Bepul va ishonchli
✅ Millionlab foydalanuvchilarga xizmat qiladi
✅ Murakkab ma'lumotlar bilan ishlaydi
✅ Xavfsiz va tezkor

⚡ POSTGRESQLNING AFZALLIKLARI

1️⃣ ACID Printsiplari

PostgreSQL to'liq ACID printsiplarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi:

graph LR
    A[ACID Printsiplari] --> B[A - Atomicity<br/>Atomiklik]
    A --> C[C - Consistency<br/>Izchillik]
    A --> D[I - Isolation<br/>Ajratish]
    A --> E[D - Durability<br/>Barqarorlik]
    
    B --> F[Barchasi yoki hech biri]
    C --> G[Ma'lumotlar doim to'g'ri]
    D --> H[Parallel ishlar bir-biriga ta'sir qilmaydi]
    E --> I[Ma'lumotlar yo'qolmaydi]
    
    style A fill:#336791,color:#fff,stroke:#1e40af,stroke-width:4px
    style B fill:#10b981,color:#fff,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#3b82f6,color:#fff,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:3px
    style D fill:#f59e0b,color:#fff,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px
    style E fill:#ef4444,color:#fff,stroke:#dc2626,stroke-width:3px
    style F fill:#a7f3d0,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style G fill:#bfdbfe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style H fill:#fde68a,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style I fill:#fecaca,color:#7f1d1d,stroke:#dc2626,stroke-width:2px

Amaliy misol:

-- Pul o'tkazma (hamma yoki hech narsa)
BEGIN; -- Tranzaksiyani boshlash

    -- 1. Ali hisobidan 100 ming so'm ayirish
    UPDATE bank_accounts 
    SET balance = balance - 100000 
    WHERE name = 'Ali';
    
    -- 2. Vali hisobiga 100 ming so'm qo'shish
    UPDATE bank_accounts 
    SET balance = balance + 100000 
    WHERE name = 'Vali';
    
    -- Agar ikkalasi ham muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsa
    COMMIT; -- Saqlash
    
    -- Agar xato bo'lsa
    -- ROLLBACK; -- Hech narsa o'zgarmaydi!

END;

Natija:

✅ Ikkalasi ham bajariladi
✅ Yoki ikkalasi ham bekor qilinadi
❌ Faqat bittasi bajarilishi MUMKIN EMAS

2️⃣ 90+ Ma'lumot Turlari

PostgreSQL juda ko'p turlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi:

mindmap
  root((PostgreSQL<br/>Data Types))
    Sonlar
      INTEGER
      BIGINT
      DECIMAL
      NUMERIC
      REAL
      DOUBLE
    Matn
      VARCHAR
      CHAR
      TEXT
    Sana/Vaqt
      DATE
      TIME
      TIMESTAMP
      INTERVAL
    Mantiqiy
      BOOLEAN
    JSON
      JSON
      JSONB
    Maxsus
      UUID
      ARRAY
      BYTEA
      POINT
      INET

Misollar:

CREATE TABLE advanced_types (
    -- Oddiy turlar
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(100),
    age INTEGER,
    price DECIMAL(10, 2),
    is_active BOOLEAN,
    created_at TIMESTAMP,
    
    -- JSON (obyekt saqlash)
    settings JSONB DEFAULT '{"theme": "dark", "lang": "uz"}',
    
    -- Massiv
    tags TEXT[] DEFAULT ARRAY['postgresql', 'database'],
    numbers INTEGER[] DEFAULT ARRAY[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    
    -- UUID (noyob ID)
    uuid UUID DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    
    -- IP manzil
    user_ip INET,
    
    -- Koordinatlar (GIS)
    location POINT,
    
    -- Pul (valyuta)
    salary MONEY,
    
    -- Range (oraliq)
    age_range INT4RANGE,
    
    -- Binary data
    avatar BYTEA
);

3️⃣ Kuchli Xavfsizlik

graph TD
    A[PostgreSQL Xavfsizlik] --> B[1. SSL/TLS Shifrlash]
    A --> C[2. Role-Based Access]
    A --> D[3. Row-Level Security]
    A --> E[4. Audit Logging]
    
    B --> F[Ma'lumotlar shifrlangan holda uzatiladi]
    C --> G[Har bir foydalanuvchi faqat o'z huquqlariga ega]
    D --> H[Har bir qatorga alohida ruxsat]
    E --> I[Barcha harakatlar yoziladi]
    
    style A fill:#7c3aed,color:#fff,stroke:#5b21b6,stroke-width:4px
    style B fill:#10b981,color:#fff,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#3b82f6,color:#fff,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:3px
    style D fill:#f59e0b,color:#fff,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px
    style E fill:#ef4444,color:#fff,stroke:#dc2626,stroke-width:3px
    style F fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style G fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style H fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style I fill:#fee2e2,color:#7f1d1d,stroke:#dc2626,stroke-width:2px

4️⃣ Kengaytirish Imkoniyatlari

PostgreSQL'ga extensionlar orqali yangi xususiyatlar qo'shish mumkin:

-- PostGIS - GEO ma'lumotlar uchun (xaritalar)
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;

-- UUID generatsiya qilish
CREATE EXTENSION "uuid-ossp";
SELECT uuid_generate_v4(); -- → a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11

-- Kriptografiya
CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto;

-- Full-text search (to'liq matnli qidiruv)
CREATE EXTENSION pg_trgm;

-- TimescaleDB - vaqt seriyalari uchun
CREATE EXTENSION timescaledb;

5️⃣ Yuqori Samaradorlik

graph LR
    A[PostgreSQL Performance] --> B[Parallel Queries]
    A --> C[Advanced Indexing]
    A --> D[Partitioning]
    A --> E[Materialized Views]
    
    B --> F[Bir so'rovni bir nechta CPU bajaradi]
    C --> G[B-tree, Hash, GIN, GiST, BRIN]
    D --> H[Katta jadvallarni bo'lib saqlash]
    E --> I[Tez-tez ishlatiladigan natijalarni kesh qilish]
    
    style A fill:#dc2626,color:#fff,stroke:#991b1b,stroke-width:4px
    style B fill:#8b5cf6,color:#fff,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#06b6d4,color:#fff,stroke:#0e7490,stroke-width:3px
    style D fill:#f59e0b,color:#fff,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px
    style E fill:#ec4899,color:#fff,stroke:#be185d,stroke-width:3px
    style F fill:#ede9fe,color:#4c1d95,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:2px
    style G fill:#cffafe,color:#164e63,stroke:#0e7490,stroke-width:2px
    style H fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style I fill:#fce7f3,color:#831843,stroke:#be185d,stroke-width:2px

🔧 POSTGRESQL KOMPONENTLARI

PostgreSQL o'rnatganda bir nechta dasturlar birgalikda o'rnatiladi:

graph TB
    A[PostgreSQL Tizimi] --> B[Server]
    A --> C[Client Tools]
    A --> D[pgAdmin]
    A --> E[Command Line]
    
    B --> B1[postgres - asosiy server]
    B --> B2[Data Directory - ma'lumotlar]
    B --> B3[Config Files - sozlamalar]
    
    C --> C1[psql - terminal client]
    C --> C2[pg_dump - backup]
    C --> C3[pg_restore - restore]
    
    D --> D1[GUI Interface]
    D --> D2[Visual Query Builder]
    
    E --> E1[createdb - database yaratish]
    E --> E2[dropdb - database o'chirish]
    
    style A fill:#336791,color:#fff,stroke:#1e40af,stroke-width:4px
    style B fill:#10b981,color:#fff,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#3b82f6,color:#fff,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:3px
    style D fill:#f59e0b,color:#fff,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px
    style E fill:#8b5cf6,color:#fff,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:3px
    style B1 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style B2 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style B3 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style C1 fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style C2 fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style C3 fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style D1 fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style D2 fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style E1 fill:#ede9fe,color:#4c1d95,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:2px
    style E2 fill:#ede9fe,color:#4c1d95,stroke:#6d28d9,stroke-width:2px

Komponentlar tushuntirish:

Komponent	Vazifasi
PostgreSQL Server	Ma'lumotlarni saqlaydi va so'rovlarni bajaradi
psql	Terminal orqali ishlash
pgAdmin	Vizual interfeys (GUI)
pg_dump	Ma'lumotlarni zaxiralash
pg_restore	Zaxiradan tiklash

💻 POSTGRESQLNI O'RNATISH

🪟 WINDOWS UCHUN

1-qadam: PostgreSQL yuklab olish

🔗 Link: https://www.postgresql.org/download/windows/

1. PostgreSQL rasmiy saytiga kiring:

2. "Download" tugmasini bosing

3. "Windows" ni tanlang

4. "Download the installer" ni bosing

5. Eng so'nggi versiyani tanlang (masalan, PostgreSQL 16.x)

2-qadam: O'rnatishni boshlash

Yuklab olingan .exe faylni ishga tushiring:

postgresql-16.x-windows-x64.exe

O'rnatish bosqichlari:

Bosqich	Tanlash	Tushuntirish
Installation Directory	`C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16`	PostgreSQL o'rnatiladigan joy
Components	✅ PostgreSQL Server ✅ pgAdmin 4 ✅ Command Line Tools	Barcha komponentlar kerak
Data Directory	`C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16\data`	Ma'lumotlar saqlanadigan joy
Password	`qwerty123` (o'zingizniki!)	⚠️ MUHIM: Eslab qoling!
Port	`5432`	Standart port raqami
Locale	`Default` yoki `English, United States`	Til sozlamasi

3-qadam: Parolni eslash! 🔐

⚠️ JUDA MUHIM! ⚠️

Superuser (postgres) parolini eslab qoling!

Misol: 
  Username: postgres
  Password: qwerty123

Bu ma'lumotlar har doim kerak bo'ladi!

4-qadam: Stack Builder (ixtiyoriy)

O'rnatish oxirida Stack Builder taklif qilinadi - bu qo'shimcha extension'lar o'rnatish uchun. Hozircha Skip qiling, keyin kerak bo'lsa o'rnatasiz.

5-qadam: Tekshirish

CMD yoki PowerShell'da tekshiramiz:

# PostgreSQL versiyasini tekshirish
psql --version

# Natija:
# psql (PostgreSQL) 16.1

Agar ishlamasa:

# Path'ga qo'shish kerak
# Windows -> Environment Variables -> Path -> Edit
# Qo'shish: C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16\bin

🍎 macOS UCHUN

1-usul: Homebrew (Tavsiya qilinadi)

# 1. Homebrew'ni o'rnatish (agar yo'q bo'lsa)
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

# 2. PostgreSQL'ni o'rnatish
brew install postgresql@16

# 3. Serverini ishga tushirish
brew services start postgresql@16

# 4. Versiyani tekshirish
psql --version
# Natija: psql (PostgreSQL) 16.1

# 5. PostgreSQL'ga ulanish
psql postgres

2-usul: Postgres.app

Postgres.app saytiga kiring
.dmg faylni yuklab oling
Applications papkasiga ko'chiring
Ishga tushiring

Afzalliklari:

✅ Juda oson
✅ GUI bor
✅ Bir klik bilan ishga tushadi

🐧 LINUX UCHUN

Ubuntu/Debian:

# 1. Paketlarni yangilash
sudo apt update

# 2. PostgreSQL o'rnatish
sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-contrib

# 3. Serverini tekshirish
sudo systemctl status postgresql

# 4. Serverini ishga tushirish (agar to'xtagan bo'lsa)
sudo systemctl start postgresql

# 5. Avtomatik ishga tushirish
sudo systemctl enable postgresql

# 6. Versiyani tekshirish
psql --version

CentOS/RHEL/Fedora:

# 1. PostgreSQL o'rnatish
sudo dnf install postgresql-server

# 2. Ma'lumotlar bazasini initsializatsiya qilish
sudo postgresql-setup --initdb

# 3. Serverini ishga tushirish
sudo systemctl start postgresql

# 4. Avtomatik ishga tushirish
sudo systemctl enable postgresql

PostgreSQL foydalanuvchisiga o'tish:

# postgres foydalanuvchisiga o'tish
sudo -i -u postgres

# psql konsolini ochish
psql

# Chiqish
\q
exit

🎨 pgAdmin BILAN ISHLASH

pgAdmin — PostgreSQL'ning vizual interfeysi (GUI) bo'lib, SQL yozmasdan jadvallar yaratish, ma'lumotlarni ko'rish va boshqarish imkonini beradi.

pgAdmin'ni ochish

1-qadam: pgAdmin'ni topish

Windows:

Start Menu → All Programs → PostgreSQL 16 → pgAdmin 4

macOS:

Applications → pgAdmin 4

Linux:

pgadmin4

2-qadam: Master Password qo'yish

Birinchi marta ochganda Master Password so'raladi:

⚠️ Bu parol faqat pgAdmin uchun!
   PostgreSQL paroli bilan adashtirmang!

Misol: pgadmin_master_123

Server yaratish

1. "Add New Server" bosish

Servers (chapda) → o'ng tugma → Register → Server

2. Server ma'lumotlarini kiritish

General tab:

Name: Local PostgreSQL

Connection tab:

Host name/address: localhost
Port: 5432
Maintenance database: postgres
Username: postgres
Password: <sizning PostgreSQL parolingiz>

Checkbox:

☑ Save password

Save ni bosing!

Interface tushuntirish

graph TB
    A[pgAdmin Interface] --> B[Browser Panel<br/>Chap tomon]
    A --> C[SQL Editor<br/>O'rta qism]
    A --> D[Dashboard<br/>Yuqori qism]
    
    B --> B1[Servers]
    B --> B2[Databases]
    B --> B3[Schemas]
    B --> B4[Tables]
    
    C --> C1[SQL yozish]
    C --> C2[Natijani ko'rish]
    
    D --> D1[Server statistikasi]
    D --> D2[Grafik]
    
    style A fill:#336791,color:#fff,stroke:#1e40af,stroke-width:4px
    style B fill:#10b981,color:#fff,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#3b82f6,color:#fff,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:3px
    style D fill:#f59e0b,color:#fff,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:3px
    style B1 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style B2 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style B3 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style B4 fill:#d1fae5,color:#065f46,stroke:#059669,stroke-width:2px
    style C1 fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style C2 fill:#dbeafe,color:#1e3a8a,stroke:#1d4ed8,stroke-width:2px
    style D1 fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px
    style D2 fill:#fef3c7,color:#78350f,stroke:#d97706,stroke-width:2px

💻 TERMINAL ORQALI POSTGRESQL

psql — PostgreSQL'ning terminal klienti bo'lib, buyruqlar orqali boshqarish imkonini beradi.

Terminal'ni ochish va ulanish

Windows (CMD / PowerShell):

# PostgreSQL'ga ulanish
psql -U postgres

# Parol so'raladi, kiritasiz:
Password for user postgres: ********

# Muvaffaqiyatli ulanish:
postgres=#

macOS / Linux:

# Linux'da postgres foydalanuvchisi orqali
sudo -u postgres psql

# macOS'da (Homebrew)
psql postgres

Asosiy psql buyruqlari

-- HELP - yordam olish
\?                  -- psql buyruqlari ro'yxati
\h                  -- SQL buyruqlari ro'yxati
\h SELECT           -- SELECT haqida ma'lumot

-- DATABASE'LAR
\l                  -- Barcha database'larni ko'rish
\c database_name    -- Database'ga ulanish
\c postgres         -- postgres database'ga qaytish

-- JADVALLAR
\dt                 -- Barcha jadvallarni ko'rish
\d table_name       -- Jadval strukturasini ko'rish
\d+ table_name      -- Batafsil ma'lumot

-- FOYDALANUVCHILAR
\du                 -- Barcha foydalanuvchilarni ko'rish

-- BOSHQALAR
\conninfo           -- Ulanish ma'lumotlari
\timing             -- So'rov vaqtini ko'rsatish
\! cls              -- Terminal'ni tozalash (Windows)
\! clear            -- Terminal'ni tozalash (Linux/macOS)
\q                  -- Chiqish

Terminal'da SQL yozish

-- Birinchi database'ni yaratish
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE test_db;
CREATE DATABASE

-- Unga ulanish
postgres=# \c test_db
You are now connected to database "test_db" as user "postgres".

-- Jadval yaratish
test_db=# CREATE TABLE users (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(100),
    email VARCHAR(100)
);
CREATE TABLE

-- Ma'lumot qo'shish
test_db=# INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES 
    ('Ali', 'ali@example.com'),
    ('Vali', 'vali@example.com');
INSERT 0 2

-- Barcha ma'lumotlarni ko'rish
test_db=# SELECT * FROM users;
 id | name |       email        
----+------+-------------------
  1 | Ali  | ali@example.com
  2 | Vali | vali@example.com
(2 rows)

🗄️ BIRINCHI DATABASE YARATISH

GUI orqali (pgAdmin)

Qadamlar:

Databases → o'ng tugma → Create → Database
General tabda:
- Database: my_first_db
- Owner: postgres
Save bosish

Terminal orqali (psql)

-- 1. psql'ni ochish
psql -U postgres

-- 2. Database yaratish
CREATE DATABASE mening_birinchi_bazam;

-- Natija:
CREATE DATABASE

-- 3. Database'lar ro'yxatini ko'rish
\l

-- 4. Yangi database'ga ulanish
\c mening_birinchi_bazam

-- Natija:
You are now connected to database "mening_birinchi_bazam" as user "postgres".

SQL buyruq orqali (batafsil)

-- Oddiy database yaratish
CREATE DATABASE simple_db;

-- Batafsil sozlamalar bilan
CREATE DATABASE advanced_db
    WITH
    OWNER = postgres              -- Egasi
    ENCODING = 'UTF8'            -- Kodlash
    LC_COLLATE = 'en_US.UTF-8'   -- Saralash
    LC_CTYPE = 'en_US.UTF-8'     -- Belgilar turi
    TEMPLATE = template0          -- Shablon
    CONNECTION LIMIT = 100;       -- Maksimal ulanishlar

-- Database'ni o'chirish
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS simple_db;

🎓 AMALIY MASHG'ULOT

✏️ Topshiriq 1: PostgreSQL o'rnatish

Vazifa:

PostgreSQL'ni kompyuteringizga o'rnating
pgAdmin'ni oching
Local serverga ulaning
Screenshot oling va saqlang

Tekshirish:

# Terminal'da versiyani tekshiring
psql --version

# Natija bo'lishi kerak:
# psql (PostgreSQL) 16.x

✏️ Topshiriq 2: Birinchi database yaratish

Vazifa:

Terminal orqali quyidagilarni bajaring:

-- 1. PostgreSQL'ga ulanish
psql -U postgres

-- 2. "university" nomli database yaratish
CREATE DATABASE university;

-- 3. Unga ulanish
\c university

-- 4. "students" jadvali yaratish
CREATE TABLE students (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
    age INTEGER CHECK (age >= 17),
    enrollment_date DATE DEFAULT CURRENT_DATE
);

-- 5. Test ma'lumotlar qo'shish
INSERT INTO students (first_name, last_name, email, age) VALUES
    ('Ali', 'Valiyev', 'ali@example.com', 20),
    ('Madina', 'Karimova', 'madina@example.com', 19),
    ('Bekzod', 'Tursunov', 'bekzod@example.com', 21);

-- 6. Barcha talabalarni ko'rish
SELECT * FROM students;

Kutilgan natija:

 id | first_name | last_name |       email        | age | enrollment_date 
----+------------+-----------+--------------------+-----+-----------------
  1 | Ali        | Valiyev   | ali@example.com    |  20 | 2026-01-22
  2 | Madina     | Karimova  | madina@example.com |  19 | 2026-01-22
  3 | Bekzod     | Tursunov  | bekzod@example.com |  21 | 2026-01-22

✏️ Topshiriq 3: pgAdmin'da database yaratish

Vazifa:

pgAdmin orqali quyidagilarni bajaring:

company nomli database yarating
employees jadvalini yarating:
- id (SERIAL, PRIMARY KEY)
- name (VARCHAR(100))
- position (VARCHAR(50))
- salary (DECIMAL(10, 2))
- hire_date (DATE)
3 ta xodim ma'lumotini qo'shing
Query Tool'da SELECT * FROM employees; yozib, natijani ko'ring

✏️ Topshiriq 4: Asosiy buyruqlarni o'rganish

Vazifa:

psql'da quyidagi buyruqlarni sinab ko'ring va natijalarini yozing:

-- 1. Barcha database'larni ko'rish
\l

-- 2. Hozirgi ulanish ma'lumotlari
\conninfo

-- 3. Barcha jadvallarni ko'rish
\dt

-- 4. students jadvali strukturasini ko'rish
\d students

-- 5. Foydalanuvchilarni ko'rish
\du

-- 6. SQL yordam
\h CREATE TABLE

-- 7. psql buyruqlari yordam
\?

📊 DARS YAKUNLARI

✅ Siz o'rgandingiz:

PostgreSQL nima va qanday ishlaydi
PostgreSQL'ni Windows/macOS/Linux'ga o'rnatish
pgAdmin bilan ishlash
Terminal orqali psql ishlatish
Database yaratish (GUI va Terminal)
Birinchi jadval yaratish
Asosiy buyruqlar bilan tanishish

🎯 Keyingi darsda:

02-DARS: Asosiy SQL Buyruqlari

Data Types (ma'lumot turlari)
CREATE TABLE (jadval yaratish)
INSERT (ma'lumot qo'shish)
SELECT (ma'lumotni olish)
UPDATE (yangilash)
DELETE (o'chirish)
Primary Key va Constraints

🔧 MUAMMOLAR VA YECHIMLAR

❌ Muammo: "psql" buyrug'i ishlamayapti

Yechim (Windows):

# Environment Variables'ga qo'shish
# 1. "Environment Variables" ni ochish
# 2. Path'ni tahrirlash
# 3. Quyidagini qo'shish:
C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\16\bin

# 4. CMD'ni qayta ochish

❌ Muammo: "password authentication failed"

Yechim:

# Parolni tiklash (Linux/macOS)
sudo -u postgres psql
ALTER USER postgres PASSWORD 'yangi_parol';
\q

❌ Muammo: "could not connect to server"

Yechim:

# Server ishga tushirilganini tekshirish

# Windows:
# Services → PostgreSQL → Start

# Linux:
sudo systemctl start postgresql

# macOS (Homebrew):
brew services start postgresql@16

❌ Muammo: Port band (5432 ishlatilmoqda)

Yechim:

-- Boshqa port ishlatish
psql -U postgres -p 5433

-- yoki config'da o'zgartirish
-- postgresql.conf:
port = 5433

📖 QO'SHIMCHA MANBALAR

📺 Video darsliklar

📚 Foydali saytlar

🛠️ Yordamchi vositalar

DBeaver - Universal database tool
DataGrip - JetBrains'dan
TablePlus - macOS'da mashhur

🎉 TABRIKLAYMIZ!

Siz PostgreSQL'ni muvaffaqiyatli o'rnatdingiz va asosiy ishlashni o'rgandingiz!

Keyingi qadam: 02-DARS: Asosiy SQL Buyruqlari →

💡 Maslahat: Har kuni PostgreSQL bilan amaliyot qiling! Nazariya amaliyot bilan birga eng yaxshi o'rganiladi! 🚀

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🐘 01-DARS: POSTGRESQL O'RNATISH VA SOZLASH

📋 MAVZU REJASI

🎯 DARS MAQSADI

🐘 POSTGRESQL HAQIDA

📌 PostgreSQL nima?

🏆 Qisqacha tarix

🌟 Real hayotda kim ishlatadi?

⚡ POSTGRESQLNING AFZALLIKLARI

1️⃣ ACID Printsiplari

2️⃣ 90+ Ma'lumot Turlari

3️⃣ Kuchli Xavfsizlik

4️⃣ Kengaytirish Imkoniyatlari

5️⃣ Yuqori Samaradorlik

🔧 POSTGRESQL KOMPONENTLARI

Komponentlar tushuntirish:

💻 POSTGRESQLNI O'RNATISH

🪟 WINDOWS UCHUN

1-qadam: PostgreSQL yuklab olish

2-qadam: O'rnatishni boshlash

3-qadam: Parolni eslash! 🔐

4-qadam: Stack Builder (ixtiyoriy)

5-qadam: Tekshirish

🍎 macOS UCHUN

1-usul: Homebrew (Tavsiya qilinadi)

2-usul: Postgres.app

🐧 LINUX UCHUN

Ubuntu/Debian:

CentOS/RHEL/Fedora:

PostgreSQL foydalanuvchisiga o'tish:

🎨 pgAdmin BILAN ISHLASH

pgAdmin'ni ochish

1-qadam: pgAdmin'ni topish

2-qadam: Master Password qo'yish

Server yaratish

1. "Add New Server" bosish

2. Server ma'lumotlarini kiritish

Interface tushuntirish

💻 TERMINAL ORQALI POSTGRESQL

Terminal'ni ochish va ulanish

Windows (CMD / PowerShell):

macOS / Linux:

Asosiy psql buyruqlari

Terminal'da SQL yozish

🗄️ BIRINCHI DATABASE YARATISH

GUI orqali (pgAdmin)

Terminal orqali (psql)

SQL buyruq orqali (batafsil)

🎓 AMALIY MASHG'ULOT

✏️ Topshiriq 1: PostgreSQL o'rnatish

✏️ Topshiriq 2: Birinchi database yaratish

✏️ Topshiriq 3: pgAdmin'da database yaratish

✏️ Topshiriq 4: Asosiy buyruqlarni o'rganish

📊 DARS YAKUNLARI

✅ Siz o'rgandingiz:

🎯 Keyingi darsda:

🔧 MUAMMOLAR VA YECHIMLAR

❌ Muammo: "psql" buyrug'i ishlamayapti

❌ Muammo: "password authentication failed"

❌ Muammo: "could not connect to server"

❌ Muammo: Port band (5432 ishlatilmoqda)

📖 QO'SHIMCHA MANBALAR

📺 Video darsliklar

📚 Foydali saytlar

🛠️ Yordamchi vositalar

🎉 TABRIKLAYMIZ!