diff --git a/builtin/builtin.go b/builtin/builtin.go
index 87e73614..a629b9df 100644
--- a/builtin/builtin.go
+++ b/builtin/builtin.go
@@ -222,6 +222,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "trimPrefix",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call trimPrefix")
+			}
 			s := " "
 			if len(args) == 2 {
 				s = args[1].(string)
@@ -236,6 +239,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "trimSuffix",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call trimSuffix")
+			}
 			s := " "
 			if len(args) == 2 {
 				s = args[1].(string)
@@ -312,6 +318,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "repeat",
 		Safe: func(args ...any) (any, uint, error) {
+			if len(args) < 2 {
+				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call repeat")
+			}
 			s := args[0].(string)
 			n := runtime.ToInt(args[1])
 			if n < 0 {
@@ -327,6 +336,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "join",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call join")
+			}
 			glue := ""
 			if len(args) == 2 {
 				glue = args[1].(string)
@@ -354,6 +366,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "indexOf",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) < 2 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call indexOf")
+			}
 			return strings.Index(args[0].(string), args[1].(string)), nil
 		},
 		Types: types(strings.Index),
@@ -361,6 +376,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "lastIndexOf",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) < 2 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call lastIndexOf")
+			}
 			return strings.LastIndex(args[0].(string), args[1].(string)), nil
 		},
 		Types: types(strings.LastIndex),
@@ -368,6 +386,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "hasPrefix",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) < 2 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call hasPrefix")
+			}
 			return strings.HasPrefix(args[0].(string), args[1].(string)), nil
 		},
 		Types: types(strings.HasPrefix),
@@ -375,6 +396,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "hasSuffix",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) < 2 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call hasSuffix")
+			}
 			return strings.HasSuffix(args[0].(string), args[1].(string)), nil
 		},
 		Types: types(strings.HasSuffix),
@@ -436,6 +460,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "toJSON",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call toJSON")
+			}
 			b, err := json.MarshalIndent(args[0], "", "  ")
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -447,6 +474,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "fromJSON",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call fromJSON")
+			}
 			var v any
 			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(args[0].(string)), &v)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -459,6 +489,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "toBase64",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call toBase64")
+			}
 			return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(args[0].(string))), nil
 		},
 		Types: types(new(func(string) string)),
@@ -466,6 +499,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "fromBase64",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call fromBase64")
+			}
 			b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(args[0].(string))
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -505,6 +541,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "duration",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call duration")
+			}
 			return time.ParseDuration(args[0].(string))
 		},
 		Types: types(time.ParseDuration),
@@ -512,10 +551,16 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "date",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call date")
+			}
 			tz, ok := args[0].(*time.Location)
 			if ok {
 				args = args[1:]
 			}
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call date")
+			}
 
 			date := args[0].(string)
 			if len(args) == 2 {
@@ -585,6 +630,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "timezone",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough arguments to call timezone")
+			}
 			tz, err := time.LoadLocation(args[0].(string))
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -596,6 +644,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "first",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments (expected 1, got %d)", len(args))
+			}
 			defer func() {
 				if r := recover(); r != nil {
 					return
@@ -619,6 +670,9 @@ var Builtins = []*Function{
 	{
 		Name: "last",
 		Func: func(args ...any) (any, error) {
+			if len(args) != 1 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid number of arguments (expected 1, got %d)", len(args))
+			}
 			defer func() {
 				if r := recover(); r != nil {
 					return
diff --git a/test/fuzz/fuzz_test.go b/test/fuzz/fuzz_test.go
index e12c4d8e..ae511ac9 100644
--- a/test/fuzz/fuzz_test.go
+++ b/test/fuzz/fuzz_test.go
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ func FuzzExpr(f *testing.F) {
 		regexp.MustCompile(`invalid order .*, expected asc or desc`),
 		regexp.MustCompile(`unknown order, use asc or desc`),
 		regexp.MustCompile(`cannot use .* as a key for groupBy: type is not comparable`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`not enough arguments to call .*`),
 	}
 
 	env := NewEnv()
diff --git a/testdata/generated.txt b/testdata/generated.txt
index 5166aeb8..d0d0f0b8 100644
--- a/testdata/generated.txt
+++ b/testdata/generated.txt
@@ -763,7 +763,6 @@ $env not contains $env?.[Bar]?.add()
 $env not contains $env?.[Bar]?.ok
 $env not contains $env?.[String?.str]
 $env not contains $env?.[String]
-$env not contains $env?.[first(foobar, greet)]
 $env not contains $env?.[foobar?.array()]
 $env not contains $env?.[foobar]
 $env not contains $env?.[toJSON(foobar)]
@@ -3513,7 +3512,6 @@ $env?.[Bar]?.str(f64)
 $env?.[Bar]?.str(f64, array)
 $env?.[Bar]?.str(foobar)
 $env?.[Bar]?.str(greet)
-$env?.[Bar]?.str(list | first(true, foobar))
 $env?.[Bar]?.str(list)
 $env?.[Bar]?.str(nil)
 $env?.[Bar]?.str.Bar
@@ -3645,7 +3643,6 @@ $env?.[String]?.String(foobar)
 $env?.[String]?.String(foobar, $env)
 $env?.[String]?.String(foobar?.[list])?.str()
 $env?.[String]?.String(greet)
-$env?.[String]?.String(last($env, String))
 $env?.[String]?.String(ok && foobar)
 $env?.[String]?.String.add
 $env?.[String]?.String.split(false, add).str.array
@@ -6984,7 +6981,6 @@ $env[:str] not in foo || true
 0 == $env?.[Bar | get(foo)]
 0 == $env?.[Bar]
 0 == $env?.[String]
-0 == $env?.[first(0, ok)]
 0 == $env?.[foobar]
 0 == $env?.[foobar]?.add
 0 == $env?.[str]
@@ -18596,7 +18592,6 @@ foo not in $env?.[foobar?.f64]
 foo not in $env?.[foobar?.foo]
 foo not in $env?.[foobar]
 foo not in $env?.[foobar]?.[greet]
-foo not in $env?.[nil | last(foobar)]
 foo not in $env?.[nil]
 foo not in $env?.foobar
 foo not in $env?.foobar?.greet(foobar)
@@ -28092,7 +28087,6 @@ nil != $env?.Bar?.list()
 nil != $env?.Bar?.str()
 nil != $env?.String
 nil != $env?.String?.[i]
-nil != $env?.[1.0 | first(nil)]
 nil != $env?.[Bar]
 nil != $env?.[Bar]?.Bar
 nil != $env?.[String]
@@ -36587,7 +36581,6 @@ true in $env?.String
 true in $env?.[Bar]
 true in $env?.[String]
 true in $env?.[first(foobar)]
-true in $env?.[foobar | last(nil)]
 true in $env?.[foobar]
 true not in $env?.Bar
 true not in $env?.String