From 775e50ed9258bb70a6b95418ab3127b94ecf3031 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 01:21:47 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 01/30] translate primevue components

---
 package.json                                  |   1 +
 .../fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml  |   2 +-
 .../web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue   |   6 +
 .../form-elements/input/InputDate.vue         |  18 ++-
 .../src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue |   5 +-
 .../src/lib/services/localeService.ts         |  97 +++++++++++++++
 .../components/form-layout/FormHeader.test.ts |   4 +
 .../tests/services/localeService.test.ts      | 113 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts  |   2 +-
 .../lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts  |  32 ++++-
 yarn.lock                                     |   8 ++
 11 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e63dc6bb8..38da0cf49 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
     "organize-imports-cli": "^0.10.0",
     "playwright": "^1.58.2",
     "prettier": "^3.6.2",
+    "primelocale": "^2.3.1",
     "rimraf": "^6.1.3",
     "turbo": "^2.6.1",
     "typescript": "~5.9.3",
diff --git a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
index aa9509975..345ff213e 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
+++ b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
             <value>What time is your first meal?</value>
           </text>
         </translation>
-        <translation lang="French (fr)">
+        <translation lang="French (fr)" default="true()">
           <text id="/data/dates/survey_date:label">
             <value>Quand allez-vous remplir ce questionnaire?</value>
           </text>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
index 0a9db3ad4..ac14d0c76 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { loadFormState } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state';
 import type { EditInstanceOptions, FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state.ts';
 import { updateSubmittedFormState } from '@/lib/init/update-submitted-form-state.ts';
 import { geolocationService } from '@/lib/services/geolocationService.ts';
+import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
 import type {
 	HostSubmissionResultCallback,
 	OptionalAwaitableHostSubmissionResult,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ import type {
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Card from 'primevue/card';
+import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
 import {
 	computed,
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ export interface OdkWebFormsProps {
 }
 
 const props = defineProps<OdkWebFormsProps>();
+const primevue = usePrimeVue();
 
 const hostSubmissionResultCallbackFactory = (
 	currentState: FormStateSuccessResult
@@ -204,6 +207,9 @@ watch(
 	() => state.value,
 	(newState) => {
 		isFormEditMode.value = newState.instance?.mode === 'edit';
+		if (newState.root) {
+			localeService.init(newState.root, primevue.config);
+		}
 	},
 	{ immediate: true }
 );
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputDate.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputDate.vue
index e2ab19162..c967a3807 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputDate.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputDate.vue
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { computed } from 'vue';
-import DatePicker from 'primevue/datepicker';
-import type { DateInputNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { ISO_DATE_LIKE_PATTERN } from '@getodk/common/constants/datetime.ts';
+import type { DateInputNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue';
+import DatePicker from 'primevue/datepicker';
+import { computed } from 'vue';
 
 interface InputDateProps {
 	readonly question: DateInputNode;
 }
 
 const props = defineProps<InputDateProps>();
+const primevue = usePrimeVue();
 
 const value = computed({
 	get: () => {
@@ -29,11 +31,19 @@ const value = computed({
 	},
 });
 
+const localeDateFormat = computed(() => primevue.config.locale?.dateFormat ?? '');
 const isDisabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
 </script>
 
 <template>
-	<DatePicker v-model="value" show-icon icon-display="input" show-button-bar :disabled="isDisabled" />
+	<DatePicker
+		v-model="value"
+		show-icon
+		icon-display="input"
+		:placeholder="localeDateFormat"
+		show-button-bar
+		:disabled="isDisabled"
+	/>
 </template>
 
 <style lang="scss">
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
index 45e652f35..db4c77824 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
 import {
 	type FormLanguage,
 	type RootNode,
 	type SyntheticDefaultLanguage,
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Card from 'primevue/card';
+import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
 import { ref } from 'vue';
 import FormLanguageMenu from './FormLanguageMenu.vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{ form: RootNode }>();
+const primevue = usePrimeVue();
 const languageDialogState = ref(false);
 
 const isFormLanguage = (lang: FormLanguage | SyntheticDefaultLanguage): lang is FormLanguage => {
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ if (languages.length > 0) {
 }
 
 const handleLanguageChange = (event: FormLanguage) => {
-	props.form.setLanguage(event);
+	localeService.setLanguage(event, primevue.config);
 };
 </script>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c8b7a94b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import type { FormLanguage, FormLanguages, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import type { PrimeVueConfiguration } from 'primevue';
+import { watch, shallowRef } from 'vue';
+import { all as primeLocales } from 'primelocale';
+
+const FALLBACK = 'en';
+const STORAGE_KEY = 'web_forms_locale';
+
+const active = shallowRef<FormLanguage | undefined>();
+const supported = shallowRef<FormLanguages | undefined>(undefined);
+const form = shallowRef<RootNode | undefined>(undefined);
+
+watch(
+	active,
+	(newVal) => {
+		if (!newVal) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		form.value?.setLanguage(newVal);
+		const locale = getLocale();
+		document.documentElement.lang = locale;
+		try {
+			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+		} catch (error) {
+			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+			console.warn('Failed to save locale preference to localStorage:', error);
+		}
+	},
+	{ immediate: true }
+);
+
+const getLocale = () => active.value?.locale?.baseName ?? FALLBACK;
+
+const setLanguage = (formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined, primevue: PrimeVueConfiguration) => {
+	if (!isSupportedFormLanguage(formLanguage)) {
+		return;
+	}
+	active.value = formLanguage;
+	const primeLocale = primeLocales[getLocale()] ?? primeLocales[FALLBACK];
+	if (primeLocale) {
+		Object.assign(primevue.locale, primeLocale);
+	}
+};
+
+const isSupportedFormLanguage = (formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined) => {
+	return !!supported.value?.find((lang) => {
+		return (
+			formLanguage?.language.length &&
+			lang.language === formLanguage?.language &&
+			lang.locale?.baseName === formLanguage?.locale?.baseName
+		);
+	});
+};
+
+const findSupportedLocale = (localeCode: string | null | undefined) => {
+	if (!localeCode?.length) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const exactMatch = supported.value?.find((lang) => lang.locale?.baseName === localeCode);
+	if (exactMatch) {
+		return exactMatch;
+	}
+
+	const baseCode = localeCode.split('-')[0];
+	return supported.value?.find((lang) => lang.locale?.baseName?.split('-')[0] === baseCode);
+};
+
+const preferredBrowserLang = () => {
+	for (const lang of navigator.languages || [navigator.language]) {
+		const supportedLang = findSupportedLocale(lang);
+		if (supportedLang) {
+			return supportedLang;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+const init = (newform: RootNode, primevue: PrimeVueConfiguration) => {
+	form.value = newform;
+	supported.value = form.value.languages;
+
+	const saved = localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);
+
+	//eslint-disable-next-line
+	const targetLang =
+		findSupportedLocale(saved) ??
+		preferredBrowserLang() ??
+		supported.value?.[0]; // Default is the first supported language (<translation default="true()" ...>)
+
+	setLanguage(targetLang, primevue);
+};
+
+export const localeService = {
+	init,
+	setLanguage,
+};
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormHeader.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormHeader.test.ts
index 21beec208..0ba98c972 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormHeader.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormHeader.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import FormHeader from '@/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue';
 import { mount } from '@vue/test-utils';
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import { getReactiveForm } from '../../helpers.ts';
+import PrimeVue from 'primevue/config';
 
 describe('FormHeader', () => {
 	it('shows form title', async () => {
@@ -11,6 +12,9 @@ describe('FormHeader', () => {
 			props: {
 				form: xform,
 			},
+			global: {
+				plugins: [PrimeVue],
+			},
 		});
 
 		expect(component.find('.form-title').text()).toBe('Calculate (simple)');
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5a6362bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { nextTick } from 'vue';
+import type { RootNode, FormLanguage } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import type { PrimeVueConfiguration } from 'primevue';
+
+const createMockForm = (locales: string[]): RootNode => {
+	return {
+		languages: locales.map((loc) => ({
+			language: `Language name for ${loc}`,
+			locale: { baseName: loc },
+		})),
+		setLanguage: vi.fn(),
+	} as unknown as RootNode;
+};
+
+const createMockPrimeVue = (): PrimeVueConfiguration => {
+	return {
+		locale: {},
+	} as unknown as PrimeVueConfiguration;
+};
+
+describe('localeService', () => {
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		localStorage.clear();
+		vi.clearAllMocks();
+		document.documentElement.lang = '';
+
+		vi.stubGlobal('navigator', {
+			languages: ['en-US', 'en'],
+			language: 'en-US',
+		});
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+	});
+
+	it('initializes with the form default (first item) if nothing is saved or matched', async () => {
+		const mockForm = createMockForm(['fr', 'de']);
+		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
+
+		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
+		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('fr');
+		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[0]);
+	});
+
+	it('initializes from localStorage if a valid locale is saved', async () => {
+		localStorage.setItem('web_forms_locale', 'es');
+
+		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'es']);
+		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
+
+		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('es');
+		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[1]);
+	});
+
+	it('initializes from browser settings if localStorage is empty and browser lang is supported', async () => {
+		vi.stubGlobal('navigator', { languages: ['fr-FR'] });
+
+		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'fr']);
+		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
+
+		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
+		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[1]);
+	});
+
+	it('updates state, DOM, and localStorage when setLanguage() is called', async () => {
+		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'de']);
+		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
+
+		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
+
+		const targetLang = mockForm.languages[1];
+		localeService.setLanguage(targetLang, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('de');
+		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('de');
+		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(targetLang);
+	});
+
+	it('ignores unsupported locales in setLanguage()', async () => {
+		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en']);
+		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
+
+		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
+
+		const unsupportedLang: FormLanguage = {
+			language: 'Italian',
+			locale: { baseName: 'it' }
+		};
+		localeService.setLanguage(unsupportedLang, mockPrimeVue);
+		await nextTick();
+
+		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
+		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('en');
+	});
+});
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
index 7582dd2ce..1317c3368 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ interface BaseFormLanguage {
 	// NOTE: this is proposed, hypothetical future functionality. Enketo has
 	// similar functionality, but we'll want to seriously consider how best to
 	// accomplish this if/as it becomes a priority.
-	readonly locale?: Intl.Locale;
+	readonly locale?: Intl.Locale | undefined;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
index da67e8797..8fc875cce 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,34 @@ interface TranslationState {
 	readonly setActiveLanguage: SimpleAtomicStateSetter<FormLanguage>;
 }
 
+const extractLocale = (lang: string): Intl.Locale | undefined => {
+	if (!lang?.length) {
+		return;
+	}
+	const IANA_PATTERN = /[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(?:-[a-zA-Z]{4})?(?:-(?:[a-zA-Z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?/;
+
+	// TODO check if all these cases are supported in the specs
+
+	// Case: "English (en-US)"
+	const parenMatch = (new RegExp(`\\((${IANA_PATTERN.source})\\)`).exec(lang))?.[1];
+	if (parenMatch) {
+		return new Intl.Locale(parenMatch.trim());
+	}
+
+	// Case: "English en-US"
+	const spaceMatch = (new RegExp(` (${IANA_PATTERN.source})$`).exec(lang))?.[1];
+	if (spaceMatch) {
+		return new Intl.Locale(spaceMatch.trim());
+	}
+
+	// Case: "en-US"
+	if (new RegExp(`^${IANA_PATTERN.source}$`).test(lang.trim())) {
+		return new Intl.Locale(lang.trim());
+	}
+
+	return;
+};
+
 /**
  * @todo It's been very silly all along that {@link XFormsXPathEvaluator} is
  * responsible for parsing translation languages, and maintaining the active
@@ -35,9 +63,9 @@ export const createTranslationState = (
 	} else {
 		const inactiveLanguages = languageNames
 			.filter((languageName) => languageName !== activeLanguageName)
-			.map((language) => ({ language }));
+			.map((language) => ({ language, locale: extractLocale(language) }));
 
-		defaultLanguage = { language: activeLanguageName };
+		defaultLanguage = { language: activeLanguageName, locale: extractLocale(activeLanguageName) };
 		languages = [defaultLanguage, ...inactiveLanguages];
 	}
 
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index e73357afd..ffdbd8b69 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -7049,6 +7049,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"primelocale@npm:^2.3.1":
+  version: 2.3.1
+  resolution: "primelocale@npm:2.3.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/ff8c10267615cbb5eafe267bf89f4691d6f6d7fb22cf43351f5e9afa8a14516b5a48e12f5184149823bee1ded57b466ddd577e4a7823ba365e80836c78da6c4c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "primevue@npm:4.3.3":
   version: 4.3.3
   resolution: "primevue@npm:4.3.3"
@@ -7423,6 +7430,7 @@ __metadata:
     organize-imports-cli: "npm:^0.10.0"
     playwright: "npm:^1.58.2"
     prettier: "npm:^3.6.2"
+    primelocale: "npm:^2.3.1"
     rimraf: "npm:^6.1.3"
     turbo: "npm:^2.6.1"
     typescript: "npm:~5.9.3"

From 7622e56dd446d065972bf982f4f3099bd5610473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Mar 2026 21:50:18 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 02/30] add translation logic

---
 eslint.config.js                              |   1 +
 package.json                                  |   1 -
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md            |  56 +++++
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    |  14 ++
 packages/web-forms/package.json               |   5 +-
 .../web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js   |  77 +++++++
 .../src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json       |  14 ++
 .../web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue   |  28 ++-
 .../src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue |   6 +-
 .../src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts       |   1 +
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     | 191 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/lib/services/localeService.ts         |  97 ---------
 .../tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts        | 163 +++++++++++++++
 .../tests/services/localeService.test.ts      | 113 -----------
 packages/web-forms/tsconfig.app.json          |   4 +-
 packages/web-forms/vite.config.ts             |   1 +
 .../lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts  |   4 +-
 17 files changed, 542 insertions(+), 234 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
 delete mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
 delete mode 100644 packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts

diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js
index 69c5ebdd5..b7b234360 100644
--- a/eslint.config.js
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export default defineConfig(
 			'packages/tree-sitter-xpath/bindings/**/*',
 			'packages/tree-sitter-xpath/types/**/*',
 			'packages/web-forms/dist-demo/**/*',
+			'packages/web-forms/scripts/**/*',
 			'packages/xforms-engine/api-docs/**/*',
 			'**/vendor',
 		],
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index a79243eba..d960eb377 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@
     "organize-imports-cli": "^0.10.0",
     "playwright": "^1.58.2",
     "prettier": "^3.8.1",
-    "primelocale": "^2.3.1",
     "rimraf": "^6.1.3",
     "turbo": "^2.8.16",
     "typescript": "~5.9.3",
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c37708786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Translations
+
+## How it works
+
+Translation strings are defined in `.i18n.json` files co-located with their components. At build time, these files are merged into `locales/strings_en.json`, which serves as the English baseline and is eagerly loaded at runtime. Translations for other locales are fetch from Transifex and then loaded lazily when the user switches language.
+
+## Key naming convention
+
+Keys follow a 3-part dot-separated pattern:
+
+```
+component.feature.type
+```
+
+- **component**: camelCase name of the Vue component that owns the string (e.g. `odkWebForm`)
+- **feature**: the feature or section within that component (e.g. `submit`, `validation`)
+- **type**: what kind of string it is. Use one of:
+  - `label`: button or field label
+  - `title`: heading or title
+  - `placeholder`: input placeholder
+  - `message`: informational message
+  - `error`: error message
+
+An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feature? what type of string?).
+
+### Examples
+
+| Key                            | Description                 |
+| ------------------------------ | --------------------------- |
+| `odkWebForm.submit.label`      | Submit button label         |
+| `odkWebForm.validation.error`  | Validation error banner     |
+
+## Adding a string
+
+1. Create or open the `.i18n.json` file next to the component.
+2. Add an entry using the `component.feature.type` key convention:
+
+```json
+{
+  "myComponent.someFeature.label": {
+    "string": "English text here",
+    "comment": "Context for translators: when and where this string appears."
+  }
+}
+```
+
+3. Run `build:translations` to regenerate `locales/strings_en.json`. This also runs automatically as part of the build.
+4. Use the string in the component via `formatMessage({ id: 'myComponent.someFeature.label' })`.
+
+## Developer comments
+
+The `comment` optinal field is for translators. Explain:
+
+- Where the string appears in the UI
+- Any placeholders (e.g. `{count}` is the number of violations)
+- Any constraints (e.g. keep it short, it appears on a button)
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22a422c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "odkWebForm.submit.label": {
+    "string": "Send",
+    "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
+  },
+  "odkWebForm.validation.error": {
+    "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
+    "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
+  },
+  "odkWebForm.geolocation.error": {
+    "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
+    "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/package.json b/packages/web-forms/package.json
index 355109f01..2dcfb707a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/package.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/package.json
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@
     "yarn": "4.11.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "npm-run-all -nl 'build:*'",
+    "build": "npm-run-all -l build:clean build:translations build:js build:demo",
     "build:clean": "rimraf dist/ dist-demo/",
     "build:demo": "vite build --mode demo --outDir dist-demo",
     "build:js": "vite build",
+    "build:translations": "node scripts/merge-translations.js",
     "dev": "vite",
     "dist-demo": "yarn build && yarn vite serve dist-demo --port 5174",
     "test": "npm-run-all -nl 'test:*'",
@@ -86,10 +87,12 @@
     "vue": "^3.5.29"
   },
   "dependencies": {
+    "@formatjs/intl": "^4.1.4",
     "@mdi/js": "^7.4.47",
     "dompurify": "^3.3.0",
     "image-blob-reduce": "^4.1.0",
     "ol": "^10.7.0",
+    "primelocale": "^2.3.1",
     "vue-draggable-plus": "^0.6.1"
   },
   "publishConfig": {
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..813739545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { mkdir, readdir, readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { dirname, join, relative, resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const I18N_FILE_EXTENSION = '.i18n.json';
+const OUTPUT_FILE = 'locales/strings_en.json';
+const ENCODING = 'utf-8';
+
+const parseI18nFile = async (file, rootDir) => {
+	const path = relative(rootDir, file);
+	try {
+		const content = JSON.parse(await readFile(file, ENCODING));
+		if (typeof content !== 'object' || content == null || Array.isArray(content)) {
+			throw new Error('Invalid JSON file');
+		}
+		return content;
+	} catch (error) {
+		throw new Error(`An error occurred when reading i18n JSON file in ${path}: ${error.message}`);
+	}
+};
+
+const findI18nFiles = async (directory) => {
+	const entries = await readdir(directory, { withFileTypes: true });
+	const results = await Promise.all(
+		entries.map((entry) => {
+			const fullPath = join(directory, entry.name);
+			if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+				return findI18nFiles(fullPath);
+			}
+			return fullPath.endsWith(I18N_FILE_EXTENSION) ? [fullPath] : [];
+		})
+	);
+	return results.flat().sort();
+};
+
+const mergeI18nFiles = async (srcDir, rootDir) => {
+	const files = await findI18nFiles(srcDir);
+	if (!files.length) {
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+		console.warn(`No ${I18N_FILE_EXTENSION} files found in ${relative(rootDir, srcDir)}`);
+	}
+
+	// Load all files in parallel, then merge sequentially to detect duplicates
+	const contents = await Promise.all(files.map((file) => parseI18nFile(file, rootDir)));
+	const merged = {};
+	for (const [index, content] of contents.entries()) {
+		const duplicates = Object.keys(content).filter((key) => key in merged);
+		if (duplicates.length) {
+			throw new Error(
+				`Duplicate translation keys in ${relative(rootDir, files[index])}: ${duplicates.join(', ')}`
+			);
+		}
+		Object.assign(merged, content);
+	}
+
+	return merged;
+};
+
+const run = async () => {
+	const rootDir = process.cwd();
+	const outputFile = resolve(rootDir, OUTPUT_FILE);
+	try {
+		const merged = await mergeI18nFiles(resolve(rootDir, 'src'), rootDir);
+		await mkdir(dirname(outputFile), { recursive: true });
+		await writeFile(outputFile, JSON.stringify(merged, null, 2) + '\n', ENCODING);
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+		console.log(`Merged → ${relative(rootDir, outputFile)}`);
+	} catch (error) {
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+		console.error('Merge failed:', error);
+		process.exit(1);
+	}
+};
+
+if (process.argv[1] === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
+	void run();
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22a422c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "odkWebForm.submit.label": {
+    "string": "Send",
+    "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
+  },
+  "odkWebForm.validation.error": {
+    "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
+    "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
+  },
+  "odkWebForm.geolocation.error": {
+    "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
+    "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
index ac14d0c76..7cb244d4d 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import FormHeader from '@/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue';
 import QuestionList from '@/components/form-layout/QuestionList.vue';
 import { waitAllTasksToFinish } from '@/lib/async/event-loop.ts';
 import {
+	FORMAT_MESSAGE,
 	FORM_MEDIA_CACHE,
 	FORM_OPTIONS,
 	IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE,
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ import { loadFormState } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state';
 import type { EditInstanceOptions, FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state.ts';
 import { updateSubmittedFormState } from '@/lib/init/update-submitted-form-state.ts';
 import { geolocationService } from '@/lib/services/geolocationService.ts';
-import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
+import { useLocale } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type {
 	HostSubmissionResultCallback,
 	OptionalAwaitableHostSubmissionResult,
@@ -31,7 +32,6 @@ import type {
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Card from 'primevue/card';
-import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
 import {
 	computed,
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ export interface OdkWebFormsProps {
 }
 
 const props = defineProps<OdkWebFormsProps>();
-const primevue = usePrimeVue();
 
 const hostSubmissionResultCallbackFactory = (
 	currentState: FormStateSuccessResult
@@ -178,9 +177,9 @@ const getLocation = async (): Promise<string> => {
 	} catch (error) {
 		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console -- Skip silently to match Collect behaviour.
 		console.warn('Error occurred while retrieving background location.', error);
-		// TODO: translations
-		geolocationErrorMessage.value =
-			'Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.';
+		geolocationErrorMessage.value = formatMessage({
+			id: 'odkWebForm.geolocation.error',
+		});
 	}
 
 	floatingErrorActive.value = !!geolocationErrorMessage.value.length;
@@ -202,14 +201,13 @@ const showValidationError = ref(false);
 const geolocationErrorMessage = ref<string | null>(null);
 const isFormEditMode = ref(false);
 provide(IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE, readonly(isFormEditMode));
+const { setLanguage, formatMessage } = useLocale(computed(() => state.value.root));
+provide(FORMAT_MESSAGE, formatMessage);
 
 watch(
 	() => state.value,
 	(newState) => {
 		isFormEditMode.value = newState.instance?.mode === 'edit';
-		if (newState.root) {
-			localeService.init(newState.root, primevue.config);
-		}
 	},
 	{ immediate: true }
 );
@@ -253,11 +251,11 @@ provide(SUBMIT_PRESSED, submitPressed);
 
 const validationErrorMessage = computed(() => {
 	const violationLength = state.value.root?.validationState.violations.length ?? 0;
-
-	// TODO: translations
 	if (violationLength === 0) return '';
-	else if (violationLength === 1) return '1 question with error.';
-	else return `${violationLength} questions with errors.`;
+	return formatMessage(
+		{ id: 'odkWebForm.validation.error' },
+		{ count: violationLength }
+	);
 });
 
 watchEffect(() => {
@@ -322,7 +320,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 				</ul>
 			</Message>
 
-			<FormHeader :form="state.root" />
+			<FormHeader :form="state.root" @change-language="setLanguage" />
 
 			<Card class="questions-card">
 				<template #content>
@@ -335,7 +333,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 			</Card>
 
 			<div class="footer flex justify-content-end flex-wrap gap-3">
-				<Button label="Send" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
+				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
 			</div>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
index db4c77824..5748a3662 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
 import {
 	type FormLanguage,
 	type RootNode,
 	type SyntheticDefaultLanguage,
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Card from 'primevue/card';
-import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
 import { ref } from 'vue';
 import FormLanguageMenu from './FormLanguageMenu.vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{ form: RootNode }>();
-const primevue = usePrimeVue();
+const emit = defineEmits<{ changeLanguage: [FormLanguage] }>();
 const languageDialogState = ref(false);
 
 const isFormLanguage = (lang: FormLanguage | SyntheticDefaultLanguage): lang is FormLanguage => {
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ if (languages.length > 0) {
 }
 
 const handleLanguageChange = (event: FormLanguage) => {
-	localeService.setLanguage(event, primevue.config);
+	emit('changeLanguage', event);
 };
 </script>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
index 9928a212b..2952fad6f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ export const SUBMIT_PRESSED = Symbol('formSubmitPressed');
 export const IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE = Symbol('isFormEditMode');
 export const FORM_OPTIONS = Symbol('formOptions');
 export const FORM_MEDIA_CACHE = Symbol('formMediaAttachmentCache');
+export const FORMAT_MESSAGE = Symbol('formatMessage');
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff712ab3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import { createIntl, type IntlShape } from '@formatjs/intl';
+import type { FormLanguage, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import { all as primeLocales } from 'primelocale';
+import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
+import type { Ref } from 'vue';
+import { computed, onUnmounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
+// English strings always available as language fallback
+import enRaw from '@locales/strings_en.json';
+
+type TransifexTranslation = Record<string, string | { string: string }>;
+type ICUMessage = Record<string, string>;
+
+const FALLBACK = 'en';
+export const STORAGE_KEY = 'odk-web-forms-locale';
+
+const availableTranslations = import.meta.glob<{ default: TransifexTranslation }>(
+	'@locales/strings_*.json'
+);
+
+/**
+ * Transifex exports messages wrapped in an object (e.g., `{ string: "..." }`).
+ * This flattens them into a consistent key-value pair.
+ */
+export const normalizeMessages = (raw: TransifexTranslation): ICUMessage => {
+	const result: ICUMessage = {};
+
+	for (const key in raw) {
+		const message = raw[key];
+		const value = typeof message === 'string' ? message : message?.string;
+		if (value) {
+			result[key] = value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+};
+
+const enMessages = normalizeMessages(enRaw as TransifexTranslation);
+
+const loadMessages = async (locale: string): Promise<ICUMessage> => {
+	if (locale === FALLBACK) {
+		return enMessages;
+	}
+
+	try {
+		const raw = await availableTranslations[`/locales/strings_${locale}.json`]!();
+		return { ...enMessages, ...normalizeMessages(raw.default) };
+	} catch (error) {
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+		console.warn(`Failed to load messages for locale "${locale}", falling back to English:`, error);
+		return enMessages;
+	}
+};
+
+const baseLanguage = (code: string): string => code.split('-')[0] ?? code;
+
+const resolveLocale = (locale: string, isAvailable: (l: string) => boolean): string => {
+	if (locale === FALLBACK) {
+		return FALLBACK;
+	}
+
+	if (isAvailable(locale)) {
+		return locale;
+	}
+
+	const base = baseLanguage(locale);
+	if (base !== locale && isAvailable(base)) {
+		return base;
+	}
+
+	return FALLBACK;
+};
+
+const findFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[], localeCode: string | null | undefined) => {
+	if (!localeCode?.length || !languages.length) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const exactMatch = languages.find((lang) => lang.locale?.baseName === localeCode);
+	if (exactMatch) {
+		return exactMatch;
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to base language match (e.g. "en" matches "en-US")
+	return languages.find((lang) => {
+		return lang.locale?.baseName && baseLanguage(lang.locale.baseName) === baseLanguage(localeCode);
+	});
+};
+
+const findBrowserFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
+	const browserLanguages = navigator.languages ?? [navigator.language];
+	for (const lang of browserLanguages) {
+		const found = findFormLanguage(languages, lang);
+		if (found) {
+			return found;
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+const findSavedFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
+	try {
+		return findFormLanguage(languages, localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY));
+	} catch {
+		// localStorage access can fail in sandboxed iframes.
+		return null;
+	}
+};
+
+const isSupportedFormLanguage = (
+	languages: FormLanguage[],
+	formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined
+): formLanguage is FormLanguage => {
+	if (!formLanguage?.language.length || !languages.length) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return languages.some((lang) => {
+		return (
+			lang.language === formLanguage.language &&
+			lang.locale?.baseName === formLanguage.locale?.baseName
+		);
+	});
+};
+
+export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
+	const primevue = usePrimeVue();
+	const currentIntl = shallowRef(
+		createIntl({ locale: FALLBACK, messages: enMessages, defaultLocale: FALLBACK })
+	);
+	const latestRequestedLocale = { locale: FALLBACK };
+	// SyntheticDefaultLanguage is a placeholder used when a form has no defined languages, not a real selectable language.
+	const formLanguages = computed(() => {
+		return formRef.value?.languages.filter((lang) => !lang.isSyntheticDefault) ?? [];
+	});
+
+	const setLanguage = (formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined) => {
+		if (!isSupportedFormLanguage(formLanguages.value, formLanguage)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const formLocale = formLanguage.locale?.baseName ?? FALLBACK;
+		const uiLocale = resolveLocale(formLocale, (lang) =>
+			Object.hasOwn(availableTranslations, `/locales/strings_${lang}.json`)
+		);
+		const primeLocaleKey = resolveLocale(formLocale, (lang) => Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang));
+
+		latestRequestedLocale.locale = formLocale;
+		document.documentElement.lang = formLocale;
+		formRef.value?.setLanguage(formLanguage);
+		try {
+			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, formLocale);
+		} catch (error) {
+			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+			console.warn('Failed to save locale preference to localStorage:', error);
+		}
+
+		const primeLocale = primeLocales[primeLocaleKey as keyof typeof primeLocales];
+		if (primeLocale) {
+			primevue.config.locale = { ...primevue.config.locale, ...primeLocale };
+		}
+
+		void loadMessages(uiLocale).then((messages) => {
+			if (latestRequestedLocale.locale === formLocale) {
+				currentIntl.value = createIntl({ locale: uiLocale, messages, defaultLocale: FALLBACK });
+			}
+		});
+	};
+
+	watch(
+		formLanguages,
+		(langs) => {
+			if (!langs.length) {
+				return;
+			}
+			const formLanguage =
+				findSavedFormLanguage(langs) ?? findBrowserFormLanguage(langs) ?? langs[0]!;
+			setLanguage(formLanguage);
+		},
+		{ immediate: true }
+	);
+
+	onUnmounted(() => {
+		latestRequestedLocale.locale = FALLBACK;
+		document.documentElement.lang = FALLBACK;
+	});
+
+	const formatMessage = (...args: Parameters<IntlShape['formatMessage']>) =>
+		currentIntl.value.formatMessage(...args) as string;
+
+	return { setLanguage, formatMessage };
+};
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c8b7a94b..000000000
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/localeService.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-import type { FormLanguage, FormLanguages, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
-import type { PrimeVueConfiguration } from 'primevue';
-import { watch, shallowRef } from 'vue';
-import { all as primeLocales } from 'primelocale';
-
-const FALLBACK = 'en';
-const STORAGE_KEY = 'web_forms_locale';
-
-const active = shallowRef<FormLanguage | undefined>();
-const supported = shallowRef<FormLanguages | undefined>(undefined);
-const form = shallowRef<RootNode | undefined>(undefined);
-
-watch(
-	active,
-	(newVal) => {
-		if (!newVal) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		form.value?.setLanguage(newVal);
-		const locale = getLocale();
-		document.documentElement.lang = locale;
-		try {
-			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, locale);
-		} catch (error) {
-			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
-			console.warn('Failed to save locale preference to localStorage:', error);
-		}
-	},
-	{ immediate: true }
-);
-
-const getLocale = () => active.value?.locale?.baseName ?? FALLBACK;
-
-const setLanguage = (formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined, primevue: PrimeVueConfiguration) => {
-	if (!isSupportedFormLanguage(formLanguage)) {
-		return;
-	}
-	active.value = formLanguage;
-	const primeLocale = primeLocales[getLocale()] ?? primeLocales[FALLBACK];
-	if (primeLocale) {
-		Object.assign(primevue.locale, primeLocale);
-	}
-};
-
-const isSupportedFormLanguage = (formLanguage: FormLanguage | undefined) => {
-	return !!supported.value?.find((lang) => {
-		return (
-			formLanguage?.language.length &&
-			lang.language === formLanguage?.language &&
-			lang.locale?.baseName === formLanguage?.locale?.baseName
-		);
-	});
-};
-
-const findSupportedLocale = (localeCode: string | null | undefined) => {
-	if (!localeCode?.length) {
-		return;
-	}
-
-	const exactMatch = supported.value?.find((lang) => lang.locale?.baseName === localeCode);
-	if (exactMatch) {
-		return exactMatch;
-	}
-
-	const baseCode = localeCode.split('-')[0];
-	return supported.value?.find((lang) => lang.locale?.baseName?.split('-')[0] === baseCode);
-};
-
-const preferredBrowserLang = () => {
-	for (const lang of navigator.languages || [navigator.language]) {
-		const supportedLang = findSupportedLocale(lang);
-		if (supportedLang) {
-			return supportedLang;
-		}
-	}
-};
-
-const init = (newform: RootNode, primevue: PrimeVueConfiguration) => {
-	form.value = newform;
-	supported.value = form.value.languages;
-
-	const saved = localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);
-
-	//eslint-disable-next-line
-	const targetLang =
-		findSupportedLocale(saved) ??
-		preferredBrowserLang() ??
-		supported.value?.[0]; // Default is the first supported language (<translation default="true()" ...>)
-
-	setLanguage(targetLang, primevue);
-};
-
-export const localeService = {
-	init,
-	setLanguage,
-};
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78d2a5ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import { normalizeMessages, STORAGE_KEY, useLocale } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import type { FormLanguage, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import { flushPromises, mount } from '@vue/test-utils';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { defineComponent, ref, type Ref } from 'vue';
+import { globalMountOptions } from '../../helpers.ts';
+
+describe('useLocale', () => {
+	// Track wrappers to explicitly unmount them and prevent
+	// onUnmounted state pollution (document.documentElement.lang) across tests
+	let wrappers: Array<ReturnType<typeof mount>> = [];
+
+	const makeLanguage = (language: string, localeCode: string): FormLanguage => ({
+		language,
+		locale: new Intl.Locale(localeCode),
+	});
+
+	const makeFormRef = (languages: FormLanguage[]): Ref<RootNode | null> =>
+		ref({ languages, setLanguage: vi.fn() }) as unknown as Ref<RootNode | null>;
+
+	const mountLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
+		let locale: ReturnType<typeof useLocale> | undefined;
+
+		const TestComponent = defineComponent({
+			setup() {
+				locale = useLocale(formRef);
+				return {};
+			},
+			template: '<div />',
+		});
+
+		const wrapper = mount(TestComponent, { global: globalMountOptions });
+		wrappers.push(wrapper);
+
+		return { wrapper, getLocale: () => locale! };
+	};
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		localStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY as string);
+		document.documentElement.removeAttribute('lang');
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		vi.restoreAllMocks();
+		localStorage.removeItem(STORAGE_KEY as string);
+
+		wrappers.forEach((w) => w.unmount());
+		wrappers = [];
+	});
+
+	describe('language priority order (saved > browser > first)', () => {
+		it('prefers saved locale over browser language', () => {
+			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY as string, 'fr');
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['en']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('French', 'fr')]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
+		});
+
+		it('uses browser language when no saved locale', () => {
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['jp']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('Japanese', 'jp')]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('jp');
+		});
+
+		it('falls back to first available language when no saved locale and no browser match', () => {
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['de']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('French', 'fr')]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('findFormLanguage base language matching', () => {
+		it('matches form language by base language when exact locale is not available', () => {
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['fr-CA']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('French', 'fr')]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
+		});
+
+		it('prefers exact locale match over base language match', () => {
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['fr-CA']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([
+				makeLanguage('French', 'fr'),
+				makeLanguage('French (Canada)', 'fr-CA'),
+			]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr-CA');
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('resolveLocale translation fallback', () => {
+		it('loads base locale translations when exact locale has no translation file', async () => {
+			document.documentElement.lang = 'fr';
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English (Fictional Region)', 'en-ZZ')]);
+			const { getLocale } = mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			await flushPromises();
+
+			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en-ZZ');
+		});
+
+		it('falls back to English when no translation file exists for locale', async () => {
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('Fictional Language', 'zz')]);
+			const { getLocale } = mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			await flushPromises();
+
+			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('normalizeMessages - empty string handling', () => {
+		it('does not include empty translated strings', () => {
+			const result = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: '' } });
+
+			expect(result['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('includes non-empty translated strings', () => {
+			const result = normalizeMessages({
+				'odkWebForm.geolocation.error': { string: 'Localisation indisponible.' },
+			});
+
+			expect(result['odkWebForm.geolocation.error']).toBe('Localisation indisponible.');
+		});
+
+		it('empty strings do not override English fallback when merged', () => {
+			const enMessages = { 'odkWebForm.submit.label': 'Send' };
+			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: '' } });
+			const merged = { ...enMessages, ...frNormalized };
+
+			expect(merged['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBe('Send');
+		});
+
+		it('non-empty strings override English fallback when merged', () => {
+			const enMessages = { 'odkWebForm.submit.label': 'Send' };
+			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: 'Envoyer' } });
+			const merged = { ...enMessages, ...frNormalized };
+
+			expect(merged['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBe('Envoyer');
+		});
+
+		it('normalizes plain string values', () => {
+			const result = normalizeMessages({ key: 'plain string' });
+
+			expect(result['key']).toBe('plain string');
+		});
+	});
+});
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a5a6362bb..000000000
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/services/localeService.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-import { localeService } from '@/lib/services/localeService.ts';
-import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
-import { nextTick } from 'vue';
-import type { RootNode, FormLanguage } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
-import type { PrimeVueConfiguration } from 'primevue';
-
-const createMockForm = (locales: string[]): RootNode => {
-	return {
-		languages: locales.map((loc) => ({
-			language: `Language name for ${loc}`,
-			locale: { baseName: loc },
-		})),
-		setLanguage: vi.fn(),
-	} as unknown as RootNode;
-};
-
-const createMockPrimeVue = (): PrimeVueConfiguration => {
-	return {
-		locale: {},
-	} as unknown as PrimeVueConfiguration;
-};
-
-describe('localeService', () => {
-	beforeEach(() => {
-		localStorage.clear();
-		vi.clearAllMocks();
-		document.documentElement.lang = '';
-
-		vi.stubGlobal('navigator', {
-			languages: ['en-US', 'en'],
-			language: 'en-US',
-		});
-	});
-
-	afterEach(() => {
-		vi.unstubAllGlobals();
-	});
-
-	it('initializes with the form default (first item) if nothing is saved or matched', async () => {
-		const mockForm = createMockForm(['fr', 'de']);
-		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
-
-		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
-		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('fr');
-		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[0]);
-	});
-
-	it('initializes from localStorage if a valid locale is saved', async () => {
-		localStorage.setItem('web_forms_locale', 'es');
-
-		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'es']);
-		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
-
-		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('es');
-		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[1]);
-	});
-
-	it('initializes from browser settings if localStorage is empty and browser lang is supported', async () => {
-		vi.stubGlobal('navigator', { languages: ['fr-FR'] });
-
-		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'fr']);
-		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
-
-		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
-		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockForm.languages[1]);
-	});
-
-	it('updates state, DOM, and localStorage when setLanguage() is called', async () => {
-		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en', 'de']);
-		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
-
-		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
-
-		const targetLang = mockForm.languages[1];
-		localeService.setLanguage(targetLang, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('de');
-		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('de');
-		expect(mockForm.setLanguage).toHaveBeenCalledWith(targetLang);
-	});
-
-	it('ignores unsupported locales in setLanguage()', async () => {
-		const mockForm = createMockForm(['en']);
-		const mockPrimeVue = createMockPrimeVue();
-
-		localeService.init(mockForm, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
-
-		const unsupportedLang: FormLanguage = {
-			language: 'Italian',
-			locale: { baseName: 'it' }
-		};
-		localeService.setLanguage(unsupportedLang, mockPrimeVue);
-		await nextTick();
-
-		expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en');
-		expect(localStorage.getItem('web_forms_locale')).toBe('en');
-	});
-});
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tsconfig.app.json b/packages/web-forms/tsconfig.app.json
index b37c86d62..72cf7c248 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tsconfig.app.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tsconfig.app.json
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
     "../common/types/**/*.ts",
     "env.d.ts",
     "src/**/*",
-    "src/**/*.vue"
+    "src/**/*.vue",
+    "locales/**/*"
   ],
   "exclude": [
     "../common/src/test/**/*.ts",
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
     "lib": ["ES2022", "DOM", "DOM.Iterable"],
     "paths": {
       "@/*": ["./src/*"],
+      "@locales/*": ["./locales/*"],
       "@getodk/common/test-utils/*": ["../common/test-utils/*"],
       "@getodk/common/types/*": ["../common/types/*"],
       "@getodk/common/*": ["../common/src/*"]
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/vite.config.ts b/packages/web-forms/vite.config.ts
index 140af1897..5e21fd8e4 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/vite.config.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/vite.config.ts
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ export default defineConfig(({ mode }) => {
 			alias: {
 				'@getodk/common': resolve(__dirname, '../common/src'),
 				'@': fileURLToPath(new URL('./src', import.meta.url)),
+				'@locales': fileURLToPath(new URL('./locales', import.meta.url)),
 				'primevue/menuitem': 'primevue/menu',
 				// With following lines, fonts byte array are copied into css file
 				// Roboto fonts
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
index 8fc875cce..f8286cb74 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ const extractLocale = (lang: string): Intl.Locale | undefined => {
 	// TODO check if all these cases are supported in the specs
 
 	// Case: "English (en-US)"
-	const parenMatch = (new RegExp(`\\((${IANA_PATTERN.source})\\)`).exec(lang))?.[1];
+	const parenMatch = new RegExp(`\\((${IANA_PATTERN.source})\\)`).exec(lang)?.[1];
 	if (parenMatch) {
 		return new Intl.Locale(parenMatch.trim());
 	}
 
 	// Case: "English en-US"
-	const spaceMatch = (new RegExp(` (${IANA_PATTERN.source})$`).exec(lang))?.[1];
+	const spaceMatch = new RegExp(` (${IANA_PATTERN.source})$`).exec(lang)?.[1];
 	if (spaceMatch) {
 		return new Intl.Locale(spaceMatch.trim());
 	}

From b309dacf246acd956af31a6202b7e0f26ff3c89a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Mar 2026 22:39:34 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/30] fixes lint

---
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md            |  8 ++--
 .../lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts  | 40 ++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index c37708786..ee5b29b99 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 
 ### Examples
 
-| Key                            | Description                 |
-| ------------------------------ | --------------------------- |
-| `odkWebForm.submit.label`      | Submit button label         |
-| `odkWebForm.validation.error`  | Validation error banner     |
+| Key                           | Description             |
+| ----------------------------- | ----------------------- |
+| `odkWebForm.submit.label`     | Submit button label     |
+| `odkWebForm.validation.error` | Validation error banner |
 
 ## Adding a string
 
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
index f8286cb74..4c4bcd3c3 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ import type { EngineXPathEvaluator } from '../../integration/xpath/EngineXPathEv
 import type { ReactiveScope } from './scope.ts';
 import type { SimpleAtomicStateSetter } from './types.ts';
 
+const IANA_PATTERN = /[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(?:-[a-zA-Z]{4})?(?:-(?:[a-zA-Z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?/;
+// Language definition in parentheses: "English (en)" -> extracts "en"
+const LOCALE_IN_PARENS_REGEX = new RegExp(`\\((${IANA_PATTERN.source})\\)`);
+// Forms missing parentheses: "English en-US" -> extracts "en-US"
+const LOCALE_AFTER_SPACE_REGEX = new RegExp(` (${IANA_PATTERN.source})$`);
+// Explicit language codes without human-readable labels: "en-US" -> matches "en-US"
+const EXACT_LOCALE_REGEX = new RegExp(`^${IANA_PATTERN.source}$`);
+
 interface TranslationState {
 	readonly languages: FormLanguages;
 	readonly getActiveLanguage: Accessor<ActiveLanguage>;
@@ -13,28 +21,24 @@ interface TranslationState {
 }
 
 const extractLocale = (lang: string): Intl.Locale | undefined => {
-	if (!lang?.length) {
+	const cleanLang = lang?.trim();
+	if (!cleanLang) {
 		return;
 	}
-	const IANA_PATTERN = /[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(?:-[a-zA-Z]{4})?(?:-(?:[a-zA-Z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?/;
-
-	// TODO check if all these cases are supported in the specs
 
-	// Case: "English (en-US)"
-	const parenMatch = new RegExp(`\\((${IANA_PATTERN.source})\\)`).exec(lang)?.[1];
-	if (parenMatch) {
-		return new Intl.Locale(parenMatch.trim());
-	}
-
-	// Case: "English en-US"
-	const spaceMatch = new RegExp(` (${IANA_PATTERN.source})$`).exec(lang)?.[1];
-	if (spaceMatch) {
-		return new Intl.Locale(spaceMatch.trim());
-	}
+	const match =
+		LOCALE_IN_PARENS_REGEX.exec(cleanLang)?.[1] ??
+		LOCALE_AFTER_SPACE_REGEX.exec(cleanLang)?.[1] ??
+		(EXACT_LOCALE_REGEX.test(cleanLang) ? cleanLang : undefined);
 
-	// Case: "en-US"
-	if (new RegExp(`^${IANA_PATTERN.source}$`).test(lang.trim())) {
-		return new Intl.Locale(lang.trim());
+	if (match) {
+		try {
+			return new Intl.Locale(match.trim());
+		} catch {
+			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+			console.warn(`ODK XForms Engine: Could not parse locale from "${lang}"`);
+			return;
+		}
 	}
 
 	return;

From dfab1019dd7552d6cd39354af89cf9e73da68e79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Mar 2026 23:59:54 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 04/30] Allows locale on form load error

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    |  8 ++
 .../FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json           | 10 +++
 .../src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue  | 17 ++--
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     | 35 +++++---
 yarn.lock                                     | 90 +++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index 22a422c31..565b12db6 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 {
+  "formLoadFailureDialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
+    "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
+  },
+  "formLoadFailureDialog.details.label": {
+    "string": "Technical error details",
+    "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
+  },
   "odkWebForm.submit.label": {
     "string": "Send",
     "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1058168e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "formLoadFailureDialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
+    "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
+  },
+  "formLoadFailureDialog.details.label": {
+    "string": "Technical error details",
+    "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
index 0365d7d59..b1534c9f7 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import type { FormInitializationError } from '@/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts';
 
-/**
- * @todo translations
- */
-const FORM_LOAD_ERROR_TEXT = {
-	DIALOG_TITLE: 'An error occurred while loading this form',
-	DETAILS_SUMMARY_LABEL: 'Technical error details',
-};
-
 interface FormLoadErrorProps {
 	readonly error: FormInitializationError;
 }
 
 const props = defineProps<FormLoadErrorProps>();
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 interface FormLoadErrorDetail {
 	readonly stack: string | null;
@@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 	<Dialog
 		class="form-load-failure-dialog"
 		:visible="detail != null"
-		:header="FORM_LOAD_ERROR_TEXT.DIALOG_TITLE"
+		:header="formatMessage({ id: 'formLoadFailureDialog.header.title' })"
 		:closable="false"
 		:draggable="false"
 		:keep-in-viewport="true"
@@ -52,7 +47,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 			</Message>
 
 			<details v-if="detail != null" class="initialize-form-failure-details">
-				<summary>{{ FORM_LOAD_ERROR_TEXT.DETAILS_SUMMARY_LABEL }}</summary>
+				<summary>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'formLoadFailureDialog.details.label' }) }}</summary>
 
 				<pre v-if="detail.unknownCauseDetail != null">{{ detail.unknownCauseDetail }}</pre>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index ff712ab3f..6546d7648 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { computed, onUnmounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 // English strings always available as language fallback
 import enRaw from '@locales/strings_en.json';
 
+export type FormatMessage = IntlShape['formatMessage'];
 type TransifexTranslation = Record<string, string | { string: string }>;
 type ICUMessage = Record<string, string>;
 
@@ -139,29 +140,36 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		}
 
 		const formLocale = formLanguage.locale?.baseName ?? FALLBACK;
-		const uiLocale = resolveLocale(formLocale, (lang) =>
-			Object.hasOwn(availableTranslations, `/locales/strings_${lang}.json`)
-		);
-		const primeLocaleKey = resolveLocale(formLocale, (lang) => Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang));
-
-		latestRequestedLocale.locale = formLocale;
-		document.documentElement.lang = formLocale;
+		applyLocale(formLocale);
 		formRef.value?.setLanguage(formLanguage);
+	};
+
+	const applyLocale = (newLocale: string) => {
+		latestRequestedLocale.locale = newLocale;
+		document.documentElement.lang = newLocale;
 		try {
-			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, formLocale);
+			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, newLocale);
 		} catch (error) {
 			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
 			console.warn('Failed to save locale preference to localStorage:', error);
 		}
 
+		const primeLocaleKey = resolveLocale(newLocale, (lang) => Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang));
 		const primeLocale = primeLocales[primeLocaleKey as keyof typeof primeLocales];
 		if (primeLocale) {
 			primevue.config.locale = { ...primevue.config.locale, ...primeLocale };
 		}
 
-		void loadMessages(uiLocale).then((messages) => {
-			if (latestRequestedLocale.locale === formLocale) {
-				currentIntl.value = createIntl({ locale: uiLocale, messages, defaultLocale: FALLBACK });
+		const messagesLocale = resolveLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
+			return Object.hasOwn(availableTranslations, `/locales/strings_${lang}.json`);
+		});
+		void loadMessages(messagesLocale).then((messages) => {
+			if (latestRequestedLocale.locale === newLocale) {
+				currentIntl.value = createIntl({
+					locale: messagesLocale,
+					messages,
+					defaultLocale: FALLBACK,
+				});
 			}
 		});
 	};
@@ -170,6 +178,9 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		formLanguages,
 		(langs) => {
 			if (!langs.length) {
+				// No form languages found (loading error or empty form)
+				// Using browser locale, skipping persisted locale, as user won't be able to change it without form context.
+				applyLocale(navigator.languages?.[0] ?? navigator.language ?? FALLBACK);
 				return;
 			}
 			const formLanguage =
@@ -184,7 +195,7 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		document.documentElement.lang = FALLBACK;
 	});
 
-	const formatMessage = (...args: Parameters<IntlShape['formatMessage']>) =>
+	const formatMessage = (...args: Parameters<FormatMessage>) =>
 		currentIntl.value.formatMessage(...args) as string;
 
 	return { setLanguage, formatMessage };
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 32ea01155..1f3c412ff 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -1226,6 +1226,76 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/bigdecimal@npm:0.2.0":
+  version: 0.2.0
+  resolution: "@formatjs/bigdecimal@npm:0.2.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/dec607e3d9d4b8c5d0474862e867726cbf322a24d543d5b2cbc3cab6fea187ac787a8e1a0e3df5ceef85a1ab9d58112a08bb7af40b1b3a3b00670431b0603510
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0":
+  version: 3.2.0
+  resolution: "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/bigdecimal": "npm:0.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/intl-localematcher": "npm:0.8.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/b3c8ac881c3d7533fb4127ca3d771d2a32cb89e6efbbcc72d80b1dcc6a798494ace9ca5ee822b25eb08ebdc7ee2885a9e33496a436b40271ffc915ece605a3ce
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1":
+  version: 3.1.1
+  resolution: "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/79b24dc1389a49b2b2fb9e90a2ba922a4057d4b74e7bc33a3811f0dc94a5a868d28e8e37917b68c2f831070d11dfd0889de686f269bf5214085a44efc1c25a8c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3":
+  version: 3.5.3
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser": "npm:2.1.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/9a9632348df058e0da339234381b11f71b5ace1c93eaf1950b3eb45f4e146a73f8923af82818543e90c1135523b254d2c04fb47cab3624eb1f601d2a4edd35c6
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3":
+  version: 2.1.3
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/6a8ed06c722bce1d73d54b2d72462bfe46b752f43d09e3d8c14649ef775b06f3c7f8d36274e67e6cfb95800bf43230a2595a7e1790922ebb683711201fcbccc8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.8.2":
+  version: 0.8.2
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.8.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/3bf838a018184837b167964849dafdcdeac95531a24f4df7d868638d4ad716854a250e9bccac9ab4568264c0db7470e70b99363da1db308fdc882b87f3eca651
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/intl@npm:^4.1.4":
+  version: 4.1.4
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl@npm:4.1.4"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:3.5.3"
+    intl-messageformat: "npm:11.2.0"
+  peerDependencies:
+    typescript: ^5.6.0
+  peerDependenciesMeta:
+    typescript:
+      optional: true
+  checksum: 10c0/2591b86cdec44b91761757edd3433e751b28ed7ed4a6e1a7f240356db2c32a5732565374c9d9b645f83d3558bc9a19231af7ef0ea555524abe4001b7c43f1754
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@gerrit0/mini-shiki@npm:^3.17.0":
   version: 3.22.0
   resolution: "@gerrit0/mini-shiki@npm:3.22.0"
@@ -1288,6 +1358,7 @@ __metadata:
     "@faker-js/faker": "npm:^10.1.0"
     "@fontsource/hanken-grotesk": "npm:^5.2.8"
     "@fontsource/roboto": "npm:^5.2.9"
+    "@formatjs/intl": "npm:^4.1.4"
     "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.20.0"
     "@mdi/js": "npm:^7.4.47"
     "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.58.2"
@@ -1303,6 +1374,7 @@ __metadata:
     npm-run-all2: "npm:^8.0.4"
     ol: "npm:^10.7.0"
     primeflex: "npm:^4.0.0"
+    primelocale: "npm:^2.3.1"
     primevue: "npm:4.3.3"
     ramda: "npm:^0.32.0"
     rimraf: "npm:^6.1.3"
@@ -5058,6 +5130,17 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"intl-messageformat@npm:11.2.0":
+  version: 11.2.0
+  resolution: "intl-messageformat@npm:11.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:3.5.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/0f0a92324ef61c885902ff41c99754a65f0cc5cbe25d690c1771605117df4f97a786bb06dec50f12a7047e4cb2fab1f2516002df32e93be6ac02e1967e928e44
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "ip-address@npm:^10.0.1":
   version: 10.0.1
   resolution: "ip-address@npm:10.0.1"
@@ -6752,6 +6835,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"primelocale@npm:^2.3.1":
+  version: 2.3.1
+  resolution: "primelocale@npm:2.3.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/ff8c10267615cbb5eafe267bf89f4691d6f6d7fb22cf43351f5e9afa8a14516b5a48e12f5184149823bee1ded57b466ddd577e4a7823ba365e80836c78da6c4c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "primevue@npm:4.3.3":
   version: 4.3.3
   resolution: "primevue@npm:4.3.3"

From 77e442e1970693aada26170b943c6872de76acc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 02:05:41 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 05/30] add translations

---
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md            |  14 +-
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    | 358 +++++++++++++++++-
 packages/web-forms/package.json               |   2 +-
 .../FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json           |   4 +-
 .../src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue  |   4 +-
 .../src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json       |   6 +-
 .../web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue   |   6 +-
 .../GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json       |  14 +
 .../common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue      |  13 +-
 .../src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue    |   9 +-
 .../common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue           |  27 +-
 .../src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue    |  17 +-
 .../common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json         | 251 ++++++++++++
 .../common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue           |  18 +-
 .../src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue | 100 ++---
 .../components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue   |   8 +-
 .../components/common/map/MapProperties.vue   |  13 +-
 .../components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue    |  50 +--
 .../common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue      |  35 +-
 .../src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts  |  16 +-
 .../common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json     |  14 +
 .../common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue           |  17 +-
 .../form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json       |   6 +
 .../components/form-elements/RankControl.vue  |  26 +-
 .../form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json    |   6 +
 .../form-elements/TriggerControl.vue          |   7 +-
 .../geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue     |  24 +-
 .../input/geopoint/GeopointAccuracy.ts        |  13 +-
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json    |  58 +++
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue          |  15 +-
 .../upload/UploadControl.i18n.json            |  10 +
 .../upload/UploadImageControl.vue             |  21 +-
 .../src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue |  17 +-
 .../components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json   |  14 +
 .../components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue |  12 +-
 .../components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue    |  15 +-
 .../src/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts  |   3 -
 .../src/lib/services/geolocationService.ts    |   2 -
 38 files changed, 975 insertions(+), 270 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index ee5b29b99..63a6db263 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 
 ### Examples
 
-| Key                           | Description             |
-| ----------------------------- | ----------------------- |
-| `odkWebForm.submit.label`     | Submit button label     |
-| `odkWebForm.validation.error` | Validation error banner |
+| Key (snake_case)                 | Description             |
+| -------------------------------- | ----------------------- |
+| `odk_web_forms.submit.label`     | Submit button label     |
+| `odk_web_forms.validation.error` | Validation error banner |
 
 ## Adding a string
 
 1. Create or open the `.i18n.json` file next to the component.
-2. Add an entry using the `component.feature.type` key convention:
+2. Add an entry using the `component.feature.type` key convention (snake_case):
 
 ```json
 {
-  "myComponent.someFeature.label": {
+  "my_component.some_feature.label": {
     "string": "English text here",
     "comment": "Context for translators: when and where this string appears."
   }
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 ```
 
 3. Run `build:translations` to regenerate `locales/strings_en.json`. This also runs automatically as part of the build.
-4. Use the string in the component via `formatMessage({ id: 'myComponent.someFeature.label' })`.
+4. Use the string in the component via `formatMessage({ id: 'my_component.some_feature.label' })`.
 
 ## Developer comments
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index 565b12db6..f00d76924 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -1,22 +1,370 @@
 {
-  "formLoadFailureDialog.header.title": {
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
     "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
   },
-  "formLoadFailureDialog.details.label": {
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.details.label": {
     "string": "Technical error details",
     "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
   },
-  "odkWebForm.submit.label": {
+  "odk_web_forms.submit.label": {
     "string": "Send",
     "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
   },
-  "odkWebForm.validation.error": {
+  "odk_web_forms.validation.error": {
     "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
     "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
   },
-  "odkWebForm.geolocation.error": {
+  "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
     "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy} m,",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude: {latitude},",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude: {longitude}.",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  },
+  "map_async.load_error.message": {
+    "string": "Unable to load map",
+    "comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
+  },
+  "map_block.graphics_error.title": {
+    "string": "Graphics issue detected",
+    "comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
+  },
+  "map_block.graphics_error.message": {
+    "string": "Your browser cannot display the map now. Enable graphics acceleration settings.",
+    "comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "Cannot access location",
+    "comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.message": {
+    "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
+    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
+  },
+  "map_block.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Get location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Press and drag to move a point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Tap to place a point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Tap to move point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Use the location button to center on your current location",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header": {
+    "string": "Delete entire shape?",
+    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header": {
+    "string": "Delete entire trace?",
+    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire shape and start over?",
+    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
+    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Delete",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.error": {
+    "string": "Longitude is invalid",
+    "comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.error": {
+    "string": "Latitude is invalid",
+    "comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.import_data.label": {
+    "string": "Import data to replace location",
+    "comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description": {
+    "string": "Show all features on the map",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
+  },
+  "map_controls.current_location.description": {
+    "string": "Find your location",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_controls.undo.description": {
+    "string": "Undo last action",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
+  },
+  "map_controls.delete.description": {
+    "string": "Delete one vertex or all vertices",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_advanced.description": {
+    "string": "Advanced manual edits",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Expand to full screen",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
+  },
+  "map_controls.close_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Exit full screen",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_info.description": {
+    "string": "Show information of map actions",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
+  },
+  "map_info_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "How to use the map?",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
+  },
+  "map_properties.remove_selection.label": {
+    "string": "Remove selection",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
+  },
+  "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
+    "string": "Save selected",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No trace saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No shape saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No point saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Point saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Trace saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Shape saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.feature_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Feature saved",
+    "comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.points_saved.label": {
+    "string": "{count} points saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.capturing.label": {
+    "string": "Capturing location...",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
+    "string": "Remove point",
+    "comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.view_details.label": {
+    "string": "View details",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.advanced.label": {
+    "string": "Advanced",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude: {longitude}",
+    "comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude: {latitude}",
+    "comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitude: {altitude} m",
+    "comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy}",
+    "comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Import data to replace location",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label": {
+    "string": "Paste data in ODK format",
+    "comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint": {
+    "string": "Enter coordinates as: Lat Long Altitude Accuracy. Separate multiple points with a semicolon (;).",
+    "comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label": {
+    "string": "Upload a GeoJSON file",
+    "comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action": {
+    "string": "Upload file",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
+    "string": "File is empty.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error": {
+    "string": "Unsupported file type. Please upload a .geojson file.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to parse file. Ensure it is a valid GeoJSON.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error": {
+    "string": "Incorrect geometry type.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
+  },
+  "media_block.fetch.error": {
+    "string": "Cannot fetch media. Verify the URL and fetch settings.",
+    "comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
+  },
+  "media_block.not_found.error": {
+    "string": "Media not found. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
+  },
+  "media_block.unknown.error": {
+    "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+  },
+  "rank_control.open.label": {
+    "string": "Rank items",
+    "comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
+  },
+  "trigger_control.okay.label": {
+    "string": "Okay",
+    "comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Get location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.try_again.label": {
+    "string": "Try again",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "Cannot access location",
+    "comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.description": {
+    "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
+    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Finding your location",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info": {
+    "string": "Location will be saved at {accuracyThreshold} m",
+    "comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label": {
+    "string": "Time taken to capture location:",
+    "comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info": {
+    "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
+    "comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancel",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.good.label": {
+    "string": "Good accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label": {
+    "string": "Good accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
+    "string": "Poor accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
+    "string": "Unknown accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
+  },
+  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
+    "string": "Take picture",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
+  },
+  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+    "string": "Choose image",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+  },
+  "repeat.add.label": {
+    "string": "Add",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Repeat Item",
+    "comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/package.json b/packages/web-forms/package.json
index 2dcfb707a..59a34a20f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/package.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/package.json
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     "yarn": "4.11.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "npm-run-all -l build:clean build:translations build:js build:demo",
+    "build": "npm-run-all -l build:clean build:translations build:demo build:js",
     "build:clean": "rimraf dist/ dist-demo/",
     "build:demo": "vite build --mode demo --outDir dist-demo",
     "build:js": "vite build",
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
index 1058168e0..6811a3ddd 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 {
-  "formLoadFailureDialog.header.title": {
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
     "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
   },
-  "formLoadFailureDialog.details.label": {
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.details.label": {
     "string": "Technical error details",
     "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
   }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
index b1534c9f7..02fea2e05 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 	<Dialog
 		class="form-load-failure-dialog"
 		:visible="detail != null"
-		:header="formatMessage({ id: 'formLoadFailureDialog.header.title' })"
+		:header="formatMessage({ id: 'form_load_failure_dialog.header.title' })"
 		:closable="false"
 		:draggable="false"
 		:keep-in-viewport="true"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 			</Message>
 
 			<details v-if="detail != null" class="initialize-form-failure-details">
-				<summary>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'formLoadFailureDialog.details.label' }) }}</summary>
+				<summary>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'form_load_failure_dialog.details.label' }) }}</summary>
 
 				<pre v-if="detail.unknownCauseDetail != null">{{ detail.unknownCauseDetail }}</pre>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
index 22a422c31..268c74aff 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {
-  "odkWebForm.submit.label": {
+  "odk_web_forms.submit.label": {
     "string": "Send",
     "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
   },
-  "odkWebForm.validation.error": {
+  "odk_web_forms.validation.error": {
     "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
     "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
   },
-  "odkWebForm.geolocation.error": {
+  "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
     "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
   }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
index 9772571b5..d5cdd0c00 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ const getLocation = async (): Promise<string> => {
 		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console -- Skip silently to match Collect behaviour.
 		console.warn('Error occurred while retrieving background location.', error);
 		geolocationErrorMessage.value = formatMessage({
-			id: 'odkWebForm.geolocation.error',
+			id: 'odk_web_forms.geolocation.error',
 		});
 	}
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ const validationErrorMessage = computed(() => {
 	const violationLength = state.value.root?.validationState.violations.length ?? 0;
 	if (violationLength === 0) return '';
 	return formatMessage(
-		{ id: 'odkWebForm.validation.error' },
+		{ id: 'odk_web_forms.validation.error' },
 		{ count: violationLength }
 	);
 });
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 			</Card>
 
 			<div class="footer flex justify-content-end flex-wrap gap-3">
-				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
+				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
 			</div>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a2aee9d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy} m,",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude: {latitude},",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude: {longitude}.",
+    "comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
index ec93e7d0f..ebed5baa3 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import type {
 	GeotraceNoteValue,
 	GeoshapeNoteValue,
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import { truncateDecimals } from '@/lib/format/truncate-decimals.ts';
 
 type GeolocationNode = GeopointInputNode | GeopointNoteNode | GeoshapeNoteNode | GeotraceNoteNode;
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 	readonly question: GeolocationNode;
 }>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const locationPoints = computed<GeolocationValue>(() => {
 	const points = props.question.currentState.value;
 	return Array.isArray(points) ? points : [points];
@@ -32,11 +36,10 @@ const locationPoints = computed<GeolocationValue>(() => {
 
 <template>
 	<div v-for="(point, index) in locationPoints" :key="index">
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
 		<p class="geolocation-formatted-value">
-			<span v-if="point?.accuracy != null">Accuracy: {{ truncateDecimals(point.accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }} m,</span>
-			<span v-if="point?.latitude != null">Latitude: {{ point.latitude }},</span>
-			<span v-if="point?.longitude != null">Longitude: {{ point.longitude }}.</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.accuracy != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(point.accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }) }}</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.latitude != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label' }, { latitude: point.latitude }) }}</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.longitude != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label' }, { longitude: point.longitude }) }}</span>
 		</p>
 	</div>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
index 74344d7d6..718f88f48 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import type { Mode, SingleFeatureType } from '@/components/common/map/getModeCon
 import type { SelectItem } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import type { Feature } from 'geojson';
 import ProgressSpinner from 'primevue/progressspinner';
-import { computed, type DefineComponent, onMounted, shallowRef } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, type DefineComponent, inject, onMounted, shallowRef } from 'vue';
 
 type MapBlockComponent = DefineComponent<{
 	featureCollection: { type: string; features: Feature[] };
@@ -31,6 +33,8 @@ interface AsyncMapProps {
 const props = defineProps<AsyncMapProps>();
 const emit = defineEmits(['save']);
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const STATES = {
 	READY: 'ready',
 	LOADING: 'loading',
@@ -71,9 +75,8 @@ onMounted(loadMap);
 <template>
 	<div class="async-map-container">
 		<div v-if="currentState === STATES.ERROR" class="map-error">
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
 			<p class="map-error-message">
-				Unable to load map
+				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_async.load_error.message' }) }}
 			</p>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
index 4da81bf6b..4adff8bd6 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
@@ -7,9 +7,13 @@ import {
 	toGeoJsonCoordinateArray,
 } from '@/components/common/map/geojson-parsers.ts';
 import { fromLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
-import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, inject, ref, watch } from 'vue';
 import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const props = defineProps<{
 	isOpen: boolean;
 	coordinates: Coordinate | null;
@@ -68,8 +72,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 			<div class="fields-container">
 				<div :class="{ 'field-error': !disableInputs && !validLongitude }" class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<!-- TODO: translations -->
-						<label for="longitude">Longitude</label>
+						<label for="longitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.longitude.label' }) }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="longitude"
 							v-model="longitude"
@@ -78,15 +81,13 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 							@change="updateVertex"
 						>
 					</div>
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
 					<p class="field-error-message">
-						Longitude is invalid
+						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.longitude.error' }) }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 				<div :class="{ 'field-error': !disableInputs && !validLatitude }" class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<!-- TODO: translations -->
-						<label for="latitude">Latitude</label>
+						<label for="latitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.latitude.label' }) }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="latitude"
 							v-model="latitude"
@@ -95,15 +96,13 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 							@change="updateVertex"
 						>
 					</div>
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
 					<p class="field-error-message">
-						Latitude is invalid
+						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.latitude.error' }) }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 				<div class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<!-- TODO: translations -->
-						<label for="altitude">Altitude</label>
+						<label for="altitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.altitude.label' }) }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="altitude"
 							v-model="altitude"
@@ -115,8 +114,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 				</div>
 				<div class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<!-- TODO: translations -->
-						<label for="accuracy">Accuracy</label>
+						<label for="accuracy">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label' }) }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="accuracy"
 							v-model="accuracy"
@@ -130,8 +128,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 
 			<a class="paste-location" @click="emit('open-paste-dialog')">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiFileOutline" size="sm" />
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<strong>Import data to replace location</strong>
+				<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.import_data.label' }) }}</strong>
 			</a>
 		</div>
 	</transition>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
index aa3407f5e..94b6ade1c 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ import MapProperties from '@/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue';
 import MapStatusBar from '@/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue';
 import MapUpdateCoordsDialog from '@/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue';
 import { STATES, useMapBlock } from '@/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts';
-import { QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { Feature, FeatureCollection } from 'geojson';
 import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 import { toLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ const showErrorStyle = inject<ComputedRef<boolean>>(
 	QUESTION_HAS_ERROR,
 	computed(() => false)
 );
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 const mapHandler = useMapBlock(
 	{ mode: props.mode, singleFeatureType: props.singleFeatureType },
@@ -81,18 +83,16 @@ const instructionMessage = computed(() => {
 	}
 
 	if (mapHandler.canDragFeatureAndVertex()) {
-		// TODO: translations
 		return {
-			placed: 'Press and drag to move a point',
-			default: 'Tap to place a point',
+			placed: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed' }),
+			default: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default' }),
 		};
 	}
 
 	if (mapHandler.canDragFeature()) {
-		// TODO: translations
 		return {
-			placed: 'Tap to move point',
-			default: 'Use the location button to center on your current location',
+			placed: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_instruction.placed' }),
+			default: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_instruction.default' }),
 		};
 	}
 
@@ -235,8 +235,7 @@ const toggleFullScreen = () => {
 					</Button>
 					<Button outlined severity="contrast" @click="mapHandler.watchCurrentLocation">
 						<IconSVG name="mdiCrosshairsGps" />
-						<!-- TODO: translations -->
-						<span>Get location</span>
+						<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.get_location.label' }) }}</span>
 					</Button>
 				</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..321d0d179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+{
+  "map_async.load_error.message": {
+    "string": "Unable to load map",
+    "comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
+  },
+
+  "map_block.graphics_error.title": {
+    "string": "Graphics issue detected",
+    "comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
+  },
+  "map_block.graphics_error.message": {
+    "string": "Your browser cannot display the map now. Enable graphics acceleration settings.",
+    "comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "Cannot access location",
+    "comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.message": {
+    "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
+    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
+  },
+
+  "map_block.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Get location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Press and drag to move a point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Tap to place a point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Tap to move point",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Use the location button to center on your current location",
+    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header": {
+    "string": "Delete entire shape?",
+    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header": {
+    "string": "Delete entire trace?",
+    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire shape and start over?",
+    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
+    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Delete",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
+  },
+
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.error": {
+    "string": "Longitude is invalid",
+    "comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.error": {
+    "string": "Latitude is invalid",
+    "comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitude",
+    "comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.import_data.label": {
+    "string": "Import data to replace location",
+    "comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
+  },
+
+  "map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description": {
+    "string": "Show all features on the map",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
+  },
+  "map_controls.current_location.description": {
+    "string": "Find your location",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_controls.undo.description": {
+    "string": "Undo last action",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
+  },
+  "map_controls.delete.description": {
+    "string": "Delete one vertex or all vertices",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_advanced.description": {
+    "string": "Advanced manual edits",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Expand to full screen",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
+  },
+  "map_controls.close_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Exit full screen",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_info.description": {
+    "string": "Show information of map actions",
+    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
+  },
+
+  "map_info_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "How to use the map?",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
+  },
+
+  "map_properties.remove_selection.label": {
+    "string": "Remove selection",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
+  },
+  "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
+    "string": "Save selected",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
+  },
+
+  "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No trace saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No shape saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "No point saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Point saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Trace saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Shape saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.feature_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Feature saved",
+    "comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.points_saved.label": {
+    "string": "{count} points saved",
+    "comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.capturing.label": {
+    "string": "Capturing location...",
+    "comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
+    "string": "Remove point",
+    "comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.view_details.label": {
+    "string": "View details",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.advanced.label": {
+    "string": "Advanced",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitude: {longitude}",
+    "comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitude: {latitude}",
+    "comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitude: {altitude} m",
+    "comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy}",
+    "comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
+  },
+
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Import data to replace location",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label": {
+    "string": "Paste data in ODK format",
+    "comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint": {
+    "string": "Enter coordinates as: Lat Long Altitude Accuracy. Separate multiple points with a semicolon (;).",
+    "comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label": {
+    "string": "Upload a GeoJSON file",
+    "comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action": {
+    "string": "Upload file",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save",
+    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
+    "string": "File is empty.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error": {
+    "string": "Unsupported file type. Please upload a .geojson file.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to parse file. Ensure it is a valid GeoJSON.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error": {
+    "string": "Incorrect geometry type.",
+    "comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
index 67f0c58f0..f81cdb738 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ import {
 	SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES,
 	type SingleFeatureType,
 } from '@/components/common/map/getModeConfig.ts';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
+import { inject } from 'vue';
 
 defineProps<{
 	singleFeatureType: SingleFeatureType | undefined;
@@ -12,6 +15,8 @@ defineProps<{
 }>();
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFeature']);
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -23,24 +28,21 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFeature']);
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<strong v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">Delete entire shape?</strong>
-			<strong v-else>Delete entire trace?</strong>
+			<strong v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header' }) }}</strong>
+			<strong v-else>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header' }) }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
 			<p v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">
-				Are you sure you want to delete this entire shape and start over?
+				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body' }) }}
 			</p>
 			<p v-else>
-				Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?
+				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body' }) }}
 			</p>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<Button label="Delete" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
index 8af7dc8b8..56d146de9 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MapInfoDialog from '@/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue';
-import { computed, ref } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, inject, ref } from 'vue';
 
 interface MapAction {
 	readonly icon: string;
@@ -25,58 +27,36 @@ const emit = defineEmits([
 	'undoLastChange',
 ]);
 
-// TODO translations
-const MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS = {
-	zoomFitAll: {
-		icon: 'mdiFullscreen',
-		description: 'Show all features on the map',
-	},
-	currentLocation: {
-		icon: 'mdiCrosshairsGps',
-		description: 'Find your location',
-	},
-};
-const MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS = {
-	undo: {
-		icon: 'mdiArrowULeftTop',
-		description: 'Undo last action',
-	},
-	delete: {
-		icon: 'mdiTrashCanOutline',
-		description: 'Delete one vertex or all vertices',
-	},
-	openAdvanced: {
-		icon: 'mdiCogOutline',
-		infoClasses: ['mobile-only'],
-		description: 'Advanced manual edits',
-	},
-};
-const MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS = {
-	openFullScreen: {
-		icon: 'mdiArrowExpand',
-		description: 'Expand to full screen',
-	},
-	closeFullScreen: {
-		icon: 'mdiArrowCollapse',
-		description: 'Exit full screen',
-	},
-};
-const INFO_ACTION = {
-	openInfo: {
-		icon: 'mdiInformationSlabCircleOutline',
-		description: 'Show information of map actions',
-	}
-};
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
+const MAP_ICONS = {
+	zoomFitAll: 'mdiFullscreen',
+	currentLocation: 'mdiCrosshairsGps',
+	undo: 'mdiArrowULeftTop',
+	delete: 'mdiTrashCanOutline',
+	openAdvanced: 'mdiCogOutline',
+	openFullScreen: 'mdiArrowExpand',
+	closeFullScreen: 'mdiArrowCollapse',
+	openInfo: 'mdiInformationSlabCircleOutline',
+} as const;
 
 const showActionsInfo = ref(false);
 const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 	const actions: MapAction[] = props.isFullScreen
-		? [MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.closeFullScreen]
-		: [MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.openFullScreen];
-	actions.push(...Object.values(MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS));
+		? [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.closeFullScreen, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.close_full_screen.description' }) }]
+		: [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openFullScreen, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_full_screen.description' }) }];
+
+	actions.push(
+		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.zoomFitAll, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description' }) },
+		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.currentLocation, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.current_location.description' }) },
+	);
 
 	if (props.showSecondaryControls) {
-		actions.push(...Object.values(MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS));
+		actions.push(
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.undo, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.undo.description' }) },
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.delete, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.delete.description' }) },
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openAdvanced, infoClasses: ['mobile-only'], description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_advanced.description' }) },
+		);
 	}
 
 	return actions;
@@ -87,51 +67,51 @@ const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 	<div class="control-bar" :class="{ 'full-screen-active': isFullScreen }">
 		<div class="control-bar-vertical">
 			<button
-				:aria-label="isFullScreen ? MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.closeFullScreen.description : MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.openFullScreen.description"
+				:aria-label="isFullScreen ? formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.close_full_screen.description' }) : formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_full_screen.description' })"
 				class="fullscreen"
 				@click="emit('toggleFullScreen')"
 			>
-				<IconSVG v-if="isFullScreen" :name="MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.closeFullScreen.icon" />
-				<IconSVG v-else :name="MAP_FULLSCREEN_ACTIONS.openFullScreen.icon" />
+				<IconSVG v-if="isFullScreen" :name="MAP_ICONS.closeFullScreen" />
+				<IconSVG v-else :name="MAP_ICONS.openFullScreen" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS.zoomFitAll.description"
+				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description' })"
 				class="zoom-fit-all"
 				:disabled="disableFitAllFeatures"
 				@click="emit('fitAllFeatures')"
 			>
-				<IconSVG :name="MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS.zoomFitAll.icon" />
+				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.zoomFitAll" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS.currentLocation.description"
+				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.current_location.description' })"
 				class="zoom-current-location"
 				@click="emit('watchCurrentLocation')"
 			>
-				<IconSVG :name="MAP_PRIMARY_ACTIONS.currentLocation.icon" size="sm" />
+				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.currentLocation" size="sm" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="INFO_ACTION.openInfo.description"
+				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_info.description' })"
 				class="info-dialog"
 				@click="showActionsInfo = true"
 			>
-				<IconSVG :name="INFO_ACTION.openInfo.icon" />
+				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.openInfo" />
 			</button>
 		</div>
 
 		<div v-if="showSecondaryControls" class="control-bar-horizontal">
 			<button
-				:aria-label="MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS.delete.description"
+				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.delete.description' })"
 				:disabled="disableDelete"
 				@click="emit('triggerDelete')"
 			>
-				<IconSVG :name="MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS.delete.icon" />
+				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.delete" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS.undo.description"
+				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.undo.description' })"
 				:disabled="disableUndo"
 				@click="emit('undoLastChange')"
 			>
-				<IconSVG :name="MAP_SECONDARY_ACTIONS.undo.icon" />
+				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.undo" />
 			</button>
 		</div>
 	</div>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
index baa058e6f..117dc2544 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
+import { inject } from 'vue';
 
 defineProps<{
 	actionsInfo: Array<{
@@ -12,6 +15,8 @@ defineProps<{
 }>();
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible']);
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -23,8 +28,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible']);
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<strong>How to use the map?</strong>
+			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_info_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
index 053736f4f..0f48baade 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import { ODK_VALUE_PROPERTY } from '@/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
 	reservedProps: Record<string, string> | undefined;
@@ -13,6 +15,9 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 }>();
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['close', 'save', 'discard']);
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const orderedProps = computed(() => {
 	const key = props.reservedProps?.[ODK_VALUE_PROPERTY];
 	if (key) {
@@ -41,13 +46,11 @@ const orderedProps = computed(() => {
 		<div class="map-properties-footer">
 			<Button v-if="isSavedFeatureSelected && canRemove" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('discard')">
 				<span>–</span>
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<span>Remove selection</span>
+				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_properties.remove_selection.label' }) }}</span>
 			</Button>
 			<Button v-if="!isSavedFeatureSelected && canSave" @click="emit('save')">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiCheckboxMarkedCircleOutline" size="sm" variant="inverted" />
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<span>Save selected</span>
+				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_properties.save_selected.label' }) }}</span>
 			</Button>
 		</div>
 	</div>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
index 2d10d29a6..716111646 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 import { toLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import ProgressSpinner from 'primevue/progressspinner';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 
 interface StatusDetails {
 	message: string;
@@ -32,20 +34,21 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['discard', 'toggle-advanced-panel', 'view-details']);
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const LINE_ICON = 'mdiVectorPolyline';
 const POLYGON_ICON = 'mdiVectorPolygon';
 
 const noSavedStatus = computed<StatusDetails>(() => {
-	// TODO: translations
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.TRACE) {
-		return { message: 'No trace saved', icon: LINE_ICON };
+		return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label' }), icon: LINE_ICON };
 	}
 
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE) {
-		return { message: 'No shape saved', icon: POLYGON_ICON };
+		return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label' }), icon: POLYGON_ICON };
 	}
 
-	return { message: 'No point saved', icon: 'mdiMapMarkerOutline' };
+	return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label' }), icon: 'mdiMapMarkerOutline' };
 });
 
 const selectedVertexInfo = computed(() => {
@@ -54,14 +57,17 @@ const selectedVertexInfo = computed(() => {
 	}
 
 	const [longitude, latitude, altitude, accuracy] = toLonLat(props.selectedVertex);
-	const parts = [`Longitude: ${longitude}`, `Latitude: ${latitude}`];
+	const parts = [
+		formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label' }, { longitude }),
+		formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label' }, { latitude }),
+	];
 
 	if (altitude != null) {
-		parts.push(`Altitude: ${altitude} m`);
+		parts.push(formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label' }, { altitude }));
 	}
 
 	if (accuracy != null) {
-		parts.push(`Accuracy: ${truncateDecimals(accuracy, { decimals: 3 })}`);
+		parts.push(formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }));
 	}
 
 	return parts.join(', ');
@@ -90,20 +96,19 @@ const countPoints = (coords: Position | Position[] | Position[][] | undefined =
 
 const getSavedMessageForMultiFeature = (type: string) => {
 	const geometryType = type?.toLowerCase();
-	// TODO: translations
 	if (geometryType === 'point') {
-		return 'Point saved';
+		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.point_saved.label' });
 	}
 
 	if (geometryType === 'linestring') {
-		return 'Trace saved';
+		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.trace_saved.label' });
 	}
 
 	if (geometryType === 'polygon') {
-		return 'Shape saved';
+		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.shape_saved.label' });
 	}
 
-	return 'Feature saved';
+	return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.feature_saved.label' });
 };
 
 const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
@@ -122,8 +127,7 @@ const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
 		return null;
 	}
 
-	// TODO: translations
-	const message = `${count} points saved`;
+	const message = formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.points_saved.label' }, { count });
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.TRACE) {
 		return { message, icon: LINE_ICON };
 	}
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
 		return { message, icon: POLYGON_ICON };
 	}
 
-	return { message: 'Point saved', icon: 'mdiCheckCircle', highlight: true };
+	return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.point_saved.label' }), icon: 'mdiCheckCircle', highlight: true };
 });
 
 const displayState = computed(() => {
@@ -149,8 +153,7 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 		<div class="map-status-container">
 			<div v-if="isCapturing" class="map-status">
 				<ProgressSpinner class="map-status-spinner" stroke-width="5px" />
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<span>Capturing location...</span>
+				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.capturing.label' }) }}</span>
 			</div>
 
 			<div v-if="!isCapturing && displayState" class="map-status">
@@ -164,13 +167,11 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 			<div v-if="savedStatus" class="map-status-buttons">
 				<Button v-if="canRemove" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('discard')">
 					<span>–</span>
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
-					<span class="mobile-only">Remove</span>
-					<span class="desktop-only">Remove point</span>
+					<span class="mobile-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.remove.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span class="desktop-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.remove_point.label' }) }}</span>
 				</Button>
 				<Button v-if="canViewDetails" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('view-details')">
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
-					<span>View details</span>
+					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.view_details.label' }) }}</span>
 				</Button>
 			</div>
 		</div>
@@ -183,8 +184,7 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 			@click="emit('toggle-advanced-panel')"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiCogOutline" />
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<span>Advanced</span>
+			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.advanced.label' }) }}</span>
 		</Button>
 	</div>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
index 1cd024803..3170e93c9 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import Textarea from 'primevue/textarea';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { inject, ref, watch } from 'vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
 	visible: boolean;
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'save']);
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const pasteValue = ref('');
 const fileInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 const selectedFile = ref<File | null>(null);
@@ -43,8 +47,7 @@ const parseFileCoordinates = async (file: File): Promise<Geometry | undefined> =
 	try {
 		const text = await file.text();
 		if (!text?.trim()?.length) {
-			// TODO: translations
-			setUploadErrorIfBlank('File is empty.');
+			setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error' }));
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -53,11 +56,9 @@ const parseFileCoordinates = async (file: File): Promise<Geometry | undefined> =
 			return getGeometryFromJSON(text);
 		}
 
-		// TODO: translations
-		setUploadErrorIfBlank('Unsupported file type. Please upload a .geojson file.');
+		setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error' }));
 	} catch {
-		// TODO: translations
-		setUploadErrorIfBlank('Failed to parse file. Ensure it is a valid GeoJSON.');
+		setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error' }));
 	}
 };
 
@@ -86,8 +87,7 @@ const save = async () => {
 	);
 	isParsing.value = false;
 
-	// TODO: translations
-	const errorMessage = 'Incorrect geometry type.';
+	const errorMessage = formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error' });
 	if (!coordinates?.length && selectedFile.value) {
 		setUploadErrorIfBlank(errorMessage);
 		return;
@@ -148,17 +148,15 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 		@after-hide="reset"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<strong>Import data to replace location</strong>
+			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
 			<div class="dialog-field-container">
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
 				<label for="paste-input">
-					<span>Paste data in ODK format</span>
+					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label' }) }}</span>
 					<span class="info-helper">
-						Enter coordinates as: Lat Long Altitude Accuracy. Separate multiple points with a semicolon (;).
+						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint' }) }}
 					</span>
 				</label>
 				<Textarea
@@ -174,9 +172,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 			</div>
 
 			<div class="dialog-field-container">
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<label>Upload a GeoJSON file</label>
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
+				<label>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label' }) }}</label>
 				<div v-if="selectedFile" class="file-added-container">
 					<IconSVG name="mdiFileOutline" />
 					<span class="file-name">{{ selectedFile.name }}</span>
@@ -193,8 +189,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 					@click="openFileChooser"
 				>
 					<IconSVG name="mdiUpload" />
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
-					<span>Upload file</span>
+					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action' }) }}</span>
 				</Button>
 
 				<input
@@ -207,7 +202,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button label="Save" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.save.label' })" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
index d6e8e14a7..b55510b1c 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ import { fromLonLat, get as getProjection } from 'ol/proj';
 import { OSM } from 'ol/source';
 import VectorSource from 'ol/source/Vector';
 import { shared as iconImageCache } from 'ol/style/IconImageCache';
-import { shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { inject, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 
 export const STATES = {
 	LOADING: 'loading',
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ interface MapBlockEvents {
 }
 
 export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
+	const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 	let mapInstance: Map | undefined;
 	let mapInteractions: UseMapInteractions | undefined;
 	let mapViewControls: UseMapViewControls | undefined;
@@ -116,8 +120,8 @@ export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
 		if (currentMode.capabilities.canLoadMultiFeatures && !isWebGLAvailable()) {
 			currentState.value = STATES.ERROR;
 			errorMessage.value = {
-				title: 'Graphics issue detected',
-				message: 'Your browser cannot display the map now. Enable graphics acceleration settings.',
+				title: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.graphics_error.title' }),
+				message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.graphics_error.message' }),
 			};
 			return;
 		}
@@ -497,11 +501,9 @@ export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
 			},
 			() => {
 				currentState.value = STATES.ERROR;
-				// TODO: translations
 				errorMessage.value = {
-					title: 'Cannot access location',
-					message:
-						'Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.',
+					title: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.location_error.title' }),
+					message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.location_error.message' }),
 				};
 			}
 		);
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d77b49343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "media_block.fetch.error": {
+    "string": "Cannot fetch media. Verify the URL and fetch settings.",
+    "comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
+  },
+  "media_block.not_found.error": {
+    "string": "Media not found. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
+  },
+  "media_block.unknown.error": {
+    "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
index c91361367..4a657460a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, FORM_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, FORM_OPTIONS, FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import type { FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type {
 	JRResourceURL,
 	JRResourceURLString,
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 	readonly variant?: 'fit-content' | 'full-width' | 'small-fixed';
 }>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const formOptions = inject<FormOptions>(FORM_OPTIONS);
 const mediaCache = inject<Map<JRResourceURLString, ObjectURL>>(FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, new Map());
 const loading = ref<boolean>(true);
@@ -32,8 +34,7 @@ const brokenFileSrc = computed(() => {
 
 const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 	if (src?.href == null || formOptions?.fetchFormAttachment == null) {
-		// TODO: translations
-		handleError(new Error('Cannot fetch media. Verify the URL and fetch settings.'));
+		handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.fetch.error' }));
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -46,8 +47,7 @@ const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 
 		const response = await formOptions.fetchFormAttachment(src);
 		if (!response.ok || response.status !== 200) {
-			// TODO: translations
-			handleError(new Error(`Media not found. File: ${src.href}`));
+			handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.not_found.error' }, { file: src.href } ));
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 		mediaCache.set(src.href, url);
 		setMedia(url);
 	} catch {
-		// TODO: translations
-		handleError(new Error(`Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: ${src.href}`));
+		handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.unknown.error' }, { file: src.href }));
 	}
 };
 
@@ -66,10 +65,10 @@ const setMedia = (value: string) => {
 	loading.value = false;
 };
 
-const handleError = (error: Error) => {
+const handleError = (error: string) => {
 	loading.value = false;
 	mediaUrl.value = '';
-	errorMessage.value = error.message;
+	errorMessage.value = error;
 };
 
 watchEffect(() => {
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81ec08751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "rank_control.open.label": {
+    "string": "Rank items",
+    "comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
index 2c7f3c826..7f3623adc 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MarkdownBlock from '@/components/common/MarkdownBlock.vue';
 import ValidationMessage from '@/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue';
 import ControlText from '@/components/form-elements/ControlText.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { TimerID } from '@getodk/common/types/timers.ts';
 import type { RankNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
-import type { Ref } from 'vue';
+import { inject, type Ref } from 'vue';
 import { computed, ref } from 'vue';
 import { VueDraggable } from 'vue-draggable-plus';
 
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ interface HighlightOption {
 	timeoutID: TimerID | null;
 }
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const props = defineProps<RankControlProps>();
 const showOverlay = computed(() => !props.question.currentState.instanceValue.length);
 const disabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
@@ -117,8 +120,7 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 		<div v-if="showOverlay" class="rank-overlay">
 			<button :disabled="disabled" @click="selectDefaultOrder">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiUnfoldMoreHorizontal" size="sm" :variant="disabled ? 'muted' : 'base'" />
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<span>Rank items</span>
+				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'rank_control.open.label' }) }}</span>
 			</button>
 		</div>
 
@@ -145,7 +147,11 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 			>
 				<div class="rank-label">
 					<IconSVG name="mdiDragVertical" />
-					<MarkdownBlock v-for="elem in props.question.getValueLabel(value)?.formatted" :key="elem.id" :elem="elem" />
+					<MarkdownBlock
+						v-for="elem in props.question.getValueLabel(value)?.formatted"
+						:key="elem.id"
+						:elem="elem"
+					/>
 				</div>
 
 				<div class="rank-buttons">
@@ -155,7 +161,11 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 						@click="moveUp(index)"
 						@mousedown="setHighlight(index)"
 					>
-						<IconSVG name="mdiChevronUp" size="sm" :variant="disabled || index === 0 ? 'muted' : 'base'" />
+						<IconSVG
+							name="mdiChevronUp"
+							size="sm"
+							:variant="disabled || index === 0 ? 'muted' : 'base'"
+						/>
 					</button>
 
 					<button
@@ -164,7 +174,11 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 						@click="moveDown(index)"
 						@mousedown="setHighlight(index)"
 					>
-						<IconSVG name="mdiChevronDown" size="sm" :variant="disabled || index === values.length - 1 ? 'muted' : 'base'" />
+						<IconSVG
+							name="mdiChevronDown"
+							size="sm"
+							:variant="disabled || index === values.length - 1 ? 'muted' : 'base'"
+						/>
 					</button>
 				</div>
 			</div>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8da51de94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "trigger_control.okay.label": {
+    "string": "Okay",
+    "comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
index dc8e0ec9a..853c3586e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { TriggerNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Checkbox from 'primevue/checkbox';
+import { inject } from 'vue';
 import ControlText from './ControlText.vue';
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ question: TriggerNode; style?: string }>();
 defineEmits(['update:modelValue', 'change']);
 
@@ -34,8 +38,7 @@ const setValue = (value: boolean) => {
 				@change="$emit('change')"
 			/>
 			<span class="label-text">
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				Okay
+				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'trigger_control.okay.label' }) }}
 			</span>
 		</label>
 	</p>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
index 2f924df87..1ec86bbd9 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import ElapsedTime from '@/components/common/ElapsedTime.vue';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { truncateDecimals } from '@/lib/format/truncate-decimals.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import ProgressSpinner from 'primevue/progressspinner';
-import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+import { computed, inject, onBeforeUnmount, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 import {
 	GEOLOCATION_STATUS,
 	type GeolocationRequestFailure,
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@ interface GeolocationRequestDialogProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<GeolocationRequestDialogProps>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const accuracyTruncateOptions = { decimals: 3 };
 
 const previousAccuracy = computed(() => {
@@ -124,8 +128,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 			<div class="geo-dialog-header">
 				<div class="geo-dialog-header-title">
 					<ProgressSpinner class="geo-spinner" stroke-width="4" />
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
-					<strong>Finding your location</strong>
+					<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
 				</div>
 				<button class="close-icon" @click="cancel()">
 					<IconSVG name="mdiClose" />
@@ -141,16 +144,15 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 				</div>
 
 				<div class="geopoint-information">
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
 					<strong v-if="accuracy.value != null" class="geo-quality">
-						{{ truncateDecimals(accuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }} m - {{ accuracy.label }}
+						{{ truncateDecimals(accuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }} m - {{ formatMessage({ id: accuracy.labelMessageId }) }}
 					</strong>
 					<p v-if="options.accuracyThreshold > 0 && state.geopoint == null">
-						Location will be saved at {{ options.accuracyThreshold }} m
+						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info' }, { accuracyThreshold: options.accuracyThreshold }) }}
 					</p>
-					<p>Time taken to capture location: <ElapsedTime /></p>
+					<p>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label' }) }} <ElapsedTime /></p>
 					<p v-if="previousAccuracy.value">
-						Previous saved location at {{ truncateDecimals(previousAccuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }} m
+						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(previousAccuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }) }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 			</div>
@@ -158,11 +160,9 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 
 		<template #footer>
 			<div class="geo-dialog-footer">
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<Button text severity="contrast" label="Cancel" @click="cancel()" />
+				<Button text severity="contrast" :label="formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.cancel.label' })" @click="cancel()" />
 
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<Button label="Save location" :disabled="accuracy.value == null" @click="save()" />
+				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.save.label' })" :disabled="accuracy.value == null" @click="save()" />
 			</div>
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeopointAccuracy.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeopointAccuracy.ts
index b49090c3f..2b45947ed 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeopointAccuracy.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeopointAccuracy.ts
@@ -45,12 +45,11 @@ const computeAccuracyQuality = (
 
 type GeopointAccuracyQualityLabelMapping = Readonly<Record<GeopointAccuracyQuality, string>>;
 
-// TODO: translations
 const GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY_LABEL: GeopointAccuracyQualityLabelMapping = {
-	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.GOOD]: 'Good accuracy',
-	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.ACCEPTABLE]: 'Good accuracy',
-	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.POOR]: 'Poor accuracy',
-	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.UNKNOWN]: 'Unknown accuracy',
+	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.GOOD]: 'geopoint_accuracy.good.label',
+	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.ACCEPTABLE]: 'geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label',
+	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.POOR]: 'geopoint_accuracy.poor.label',
+	[GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY.UNKNOWN]: 'geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label',
 };
 
 export class GeopointAccuracy {
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ export class GeopointAccuracy {
 
 	readonly value: number | null;
 	readonly quality: GeopointAccuracyQuality;
-	readonly label: string;
+	readonly labelMessageId: string;
 
 	constructor(source: GeopointValueObject | null, options: GeopointAccuracyThresholdOptions) {
 		const value = source?.accuracy ?? null;
@@ -69,6 +68,6 @@ export class GeopointAccuracy {
 
 		this.value = value;
 		this.quality = quality;
-		this.label = GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY_LABEL[quality];
+		this.labelMessageId = GEOPOINT_ACCURACY_QUALITY_LABEL[quality];
 	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..464c915fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "input_geopoint.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Get location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.try_again.label": {
+    "string": "Try again",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "Cannot access location",
+    "comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.description": {
+    "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
+    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Finding your location",
+    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info": {
+    "string": "Location will be saved at {accuracyThreshold} m",
+    "comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label": {
+    "string": "Time taken to capture location:",
+    "comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info": {
+    "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
+    "comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancel",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save location",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.good.label": {
+    "string": "Good accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label": {
+    "string": "Good accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
+    "string": "Poor accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
+    "string": "Unknown accuracy",
+    "comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
index adf0c484d..0b1665d87 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import GeolocationFormattedValue from '@/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, type ComputedRef, inject, ref } from 'vue';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { GeopointInputNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ interface InputGeopointProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<InputGeopointProps>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const showErrorStyle = inject<ComputedRef<boolean>>(
 	QUESTION_HAS_ERROR,
 	computed(() => false)
@@ -126,8 +128,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 			@click="initiateRequest()"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiMapMarkerOutline" variant="inverted" />
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<span>Get location</span>
+			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.get_location.label' }) }}</span>
 		</Button>
 
 		<div v-if="committedValue != null" class="geopoint-value-container">
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 				<IconSVG v-else class="check-icon" name="mdiCheck" variant="primary" />
 			</div>
 			<div class="geopoint-value">
-				<strong class="geo-quality">{{ committedValueAccuracy.label }}</strong>
+				<strong class="geo-quality">{{ formatMessage({ id: committedValueAccuracy.labelMessageId }) }}</strong>
 				<GeolocationFormattedValue :question="question" />
 				<Button
 					v-if="!isDisabled"
@@ -146,8 +147,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 					@click="initiateRequest()"
 				>
 					<IconSVG name="mdiRefresh" />
-					<!-- TODO: translations -->
-					<span>Try again</span>
+					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.try_again.label' }) }}</span>
 				</Button>
 			</div>
 		</div>
@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 			class="geopoint-error"
 			:class="{ 'stack-errors': showErrorStyle }"
 		>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<strong>Cannot access location</strong>&nbsp;<span>Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.</span>
+			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.location_error.title' }) }}</strong>&nbsp;<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.location_error.description' }) }}</span>
 		</div>
 	</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..678e20de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
+    "string": "Take picture",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
+  },
+  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+    "string": "Choose image",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageControl.vue
index bc13349ea..fe6548065 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageControl.vue
@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import ValidationMessage from '@/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue';
 import ControlText from '@/components/form-elements/ControlText.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { resize } from '@/lib/services/resizeImage';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
-import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
+import { type HTMLInputElementEvent, inject, type Ref } from 'vue';
 import { computed, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 import UploadImagePreview from './UploadImagePreview.vue';
 
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ interface UploadImageControlProps {
 	readonly question: UploadNode;
 }
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const props = defineProps<UploadImageControlProps>();
 const isDisabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
 const selectImageInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
@@ -82,8 +85,7 @@ watchEffect(() => {
 				@click="triggerInputField(takePictureInput)"
 			>
 				<IconSVG name="mdiCamera" variant="inverted" />
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
-				<span>Take picture</span>
+				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image.take_picture.label' }) }}</span>
 			</Button>
 
 			<input
@@ -102,8 +104,7 @@ watchEffect(() => {
 			@click="triggerInputField(selectImageInput)"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiImage" variant="inverted" />
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<span>Choose image</span>
+			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image.choose.label' }) }}</span>
 		</Button>
 		<input
 			ref="selectImageInput"
@@ -114,15 +115,9 @@ watchEffect(() => {
 		>
 	</div>
 
-	<UploadImagePreview
-		:question="question"
-		:is-disabled="isDisabled"
-		@clear="updateValue(null)"
-	/>
+	<UploadImagePreview :question="question" :is-disabled="isDisabled" @clear="updateValue(null)" />
 
-	<ValidationMessage
-		:message="question.validationState.violation?.message.formatted"
-	/>
+	<ValidationMessage :message="question.validationState.violation?.message.formatted" />
 </template>
 
 <style scoped lang="scss">
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
index 9e52f1184..60e4a66c3 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue
@@ -5,29 +5,15 @@ import {
 	type SyntheticDefaultLanguage,
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Card from 'primevue/card';
-import { ref } from 'vue';
 import FormLanguageMenu from './FormLanguageMenu.vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{ form: RootNode }>();
 const emit = defineEmits<{ changeLanguage: [FormLanguage] }>();
-const languageDialogState = ref(false);
 
 const isFormLanguage = (lang: FormLanguage | SyntheticDefaultLanguage): lang is FormLanguage => {
 	return !lang.isSyntheticDefault;
 };
-
-type DropdownItem = Array<{ label: string; icon: string; command: () => void }>;
-const items = ref<DropdownItem>([]);
-
 const languages = props.form.languages.filter(isFormLanguage);
-if (languages.length > 0) {
-	items.value.unshift({
-		// TODO: translations
-		label: 'Change language',
-		icon: 'mdiWeb',
-		command: () => (languageDialogState.value = true),
-	});
-}
 
 const handleLanguageChange = (event: FormLanguage) => {
 	emit('changeLanguage', event);
@@ -48,12 +34,11 @@ const handleLanguageChange = (event: FormLanguage) => {
 			<template #content>
 				<!-- TODO/q: should the title be on the definition or definition.form be accessible instead of definition.bind.form -->
 				<h1>{{ form.definition.bind.form.title }}</h1>
-			<!-- last saved timestamp -->
+				<!-- last saved timestamp -->
 			</template>
 		</Card>
 	</div>
 
-
 	<!-- for mobile and tablet -->
 	<div class="flex lg:hidden align-items-start justify-content-between smaller-screens">
 		<h1>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3292ea183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "repeat.add.label": {
+    "string": "Add",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Repeat Item",
+    "comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
index 1d0105507..ab85d4615 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { GeneralChildNode, GroupNode, RepeatInstanceNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { type MenuItem } from 'primevue/menuitem';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import FormPanel from './FormPanel.vue';
 import QuestionList from './QuestionList.vue';
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ instance: RepeatInstanceNode; instanceIndex: number }>();
 
 const isGroup = (child: GeneralChildNode | undefined) => {
@@ -28,8 +31,7 @@ const label = computed(() => {
 		return { formatted: parentLabel.formatted };
 	}
 
-	// TODO: translations
-	return { literal: `Repeat Item` };
+	return { literal: formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.instance.placeholder' }), };
 });
 
 const children = computed(() => {
@@ -54,8 +56,7 @@ const menuItems = computed((): MenuItem[] | undefined => {
 
 	return [
 		{
-			/* TODO: translations */
-			label: 'Remove',
+			label: formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.remove.label' }),
 			icon: 'icon-delete',
 			command: () => {
 				return parent.removeInstances(props.instanceIndex);
@@ -76,4 +77,3 @@ const menuItems = computed((): MenuItem[] | undefined => {
 		<QuestionList :nodes="children" />
 	</FormPanel>
 </template>
-
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
index aef1ae4d4..af6b1f8d1 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MarkdownBlock from '@/components/common/MarkdownBlock.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { RepeatRangeNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import RepeatInstance from './RepeatInstance.vue';
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ node: RepeatRangeNode }>();
 const label = computed(() => props.node.currentState.label?.formatted);
 </script>
 <template>
 	<template v-if="node.currentState.hasRelevantBodyNodes">
-		<RepeatInstance v-for="(instance, index) in node.currentState.children" :key="index" :instance="instance" :instance-index="index" />
+		<RepeatInstance
+			v-for="(instance, index) in node.currentState.children"
+			:key="index"
+			:instance="instance"
+			:instance-index="index"
+		/>
 	</template>
 	<Button
 		v-if="node.nodeType === 'repeat-range:uncontrolled'"
@@ -21,9 +29,8 @@ const label = computed(() => props.node.currentState.label?.formatted);
 		@click="node.addInstances()"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiPlus" />
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
 		<span>
-			Add
+			{{ formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.add.label' }) }}
 			<MarkdownBlock v-for="elem in label" :key="elem.id" :elem="elem" />
 		</span>
 	</Button>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts
index 5b133a8ca..1b9c101cd 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/error/FormInitializationError.ts
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ const isErrorLikeCause = (cause: unknown): cause is ErrorLikeCause => {
 	return typeof message === 'string' && (typeof stack === 'string' || stack == null);
 };
 
-/**
- * @todo translations
- */
 const UNKNOWN_ERROR_MESSAGE = 'Unknown error';
 
 interface FormInitializationErrorOptions {
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/geolocationService.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/geolocationService.ts
index 5101f7d2b..a36870252 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/geolocationService.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/services/geolocationService.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ class GeolocationService {
 		}
 
 		if (!navigator.geolocation) {
-			// TODO: translations
 			return Promise.reject(new Error('Geolocation is not supported by this browser.'));
 		}
 
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ class GeolocationService {
 					this.teardown();
 				},
 				(error) => {
-					// TODO: translations
 					reject(new Error(`Geolocation error (code ${error.code})`));
 					this.teardown();
 				},

From d48013974e25c67a89fe6378ea5c8b7b8eef84bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 02:13:22 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/30] add translations

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json           | 12 ++++++++++++
 .../src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue       |  9 +++++++--
 .../src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue       |  8 ++++++--
 .../components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json | 12 ++++++++++++
 .../src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue       |  7 ++++++-
 5 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index f00d76924..015f4fa40 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -283,6 +283,18 @@
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
     "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
   },
+  "video_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load video. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "audio_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load audio. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "image_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load image. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
   "rank_control.open.label": {
     "string": "Rank items",
     "comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
index b09cf5b20..6d4d2e053 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
-import { ref } from 'vue';
+import { inject, ref } from 'vue';
 
 defineProps<{
 	readonly resourceUrl: JRResourceURL;
 	readonly alt: string;
 	readonly variant?: 'bar' | 'icons';
 }>();
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 const audioRef = ref<HTMLAudioElement | null>(null);
 const isPlaying = ref(false);
 
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ const play = async () => {
 				:title="alt"
 				class="audio-block"
 				@ended="isPlaying = false"
-				@error="reportError(new Error(`Failed to load audio. File: ${resourceUrl.href}`))"
+				@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'audio_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
 			/>
 			<template v-if="variant === 'icons'">
 				<IconSVG v-if="isPlaying" name="mdiStopCircleOutline" @click.stop.prevent="stop" />
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
index 0abecf693..65c4cc19a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
-import { computed, ref, triggerRef } from 'vue';
+import { computed, inject, ref, triggerRef } from 'vue';
 
 type ObjectURL = `blob:${string}`;
 
@@ -11,6 +13,8 @@ defineProps<{
 	readonly alt: string;
 }>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+
 interface NaturalDimensions {
 	readonly naturalWidth: number;
 	readonly naturalHeight: number;
@@ -45,7 +49,7 @@ const setDimensions = (event: Event) => {
 			:alt="alt"
 			class="image-block"
 			@load="setDimensions"
-			@error="reportError(new Error(`Failed to load image. File: ${resourceUrl?.href}`))"
+			@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'image_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl?.href ?? '' }))"
 		>
 	</MediaBlockBase>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
index d77b49343..be0cdae4e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
@@ -10,5 +10,17 @@
   "media_block.unknown.error": {
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
     "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+  },
+  "video_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load video. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "audio_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load audio. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "image_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Failed to load image. File: {file}",
+    "comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
index 3fee34905..1902819b9 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
+import { inject } from 'vue';
 
 defineProps<{
 	readonly resourceUrl: JRResourceURL;
 	readonly alt: string;
 }>();
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -22,7 +27,7 @@ defineProps<{
 			:src="mediaUrl"
 			:title="alt"
 			class="video-block"
-			@error="reportError(new Error(`Failed to load video. File: ${resourceUrl.href}`))"
+			@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'video_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
 		/>
 	</MediaBlockBase>
 </template>

From 2e50a818a01e67a7cc3d592cdf84db2557909ca9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 02:20:40 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 07/30] unit tests

---
 .../tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts        | 24 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
index 78d2a5ad9..6fddb5701 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 
 			await flushPromises();
 
-			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
 			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en-ZZ');
 		});
 
@@ -119,39 +119,39 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 
 			await flushPromises();
 
-			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odkWebForm.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
 		});
 	});
 
 	describe('normalizeMessages - empty string handling', () => {
 		it('does not include empty translated strings', () => {
-			const result = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: '' } });
+			const result = normalizeMessages({ 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': { string: '' } });
 
-			expect(result['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBeUndefined();
+			expect(result['odk_web_forms.submit.label']).toBeUndefined();
 		});
 
 		it('includes non-empty translated strings', () => {
 			const result = normalizeMessages({
-				'odkWebForm.geolocation.error': { string: 'Localisation indisponible.' },
+				'odk_web_forms.geolocation.error': { string: 'Localisation indisponible.' },
 			});
 
-			expect(result['odkWebForm.geolocation.error']).toBe('Localisation indisponible.');
+			expect(result['odk_web_forms.geolocation.error']).toBe('Localisation indisponible.');
 		});
 
 		it('empty strings do not override English fallback when merged', () => {
-			const enMessages = { 'odkWebForm.submit.label': 'Send' };
-			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: '' } });
+			const enMessages = { 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': 'Send' };
+			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': { string: '' } });
 			const merged = { ...enMessages, ...frNormalized };
 
-			expect(merged['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBe('Send');
+			expect(merged['odk_web_forms.submit.label']).toBe('Send');
 		});
 
 		it('non-empty strings override English fallback when merged', () => {
-			const enMessages = { 'odkWebForm.submit.label': 'Send' };
-			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odkWebForm.submit.label': { string: 'Envoyer' } });
+			const enMessages = { 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': 'Send' };
+			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': { string: 'Envoyer' } });
 			const merged = { ...enMessages, ...frNormalized };
 
-			expect(merged['odkWebForm.submit.label']).toBe('Envoyer');
+			expect(merged['odk_web_forms.submit.label']).toBe('Envoyer');
 		});
 
 		it('normalizes plain string values', () => {

From a1a43f60db4162b791a631903003b261d5711aa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 02:22:34 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/30] changeset

---
 .changeset/solid-keys-matter.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .changeset/solid-keys-matter.md

diff --git a/.changeset/solid-keys-matter.md b/.changeset/solid-keys-matter.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9e4db062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/solid-keys-matter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+'@getodk/xforms-engine': minor
+'@getodk/web-forms': minor
+---
+
+Adds translation support.

From cc4b018fc1684b997c6694df4abc783045c90e02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Mar 2026 22:54:48 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 09/30] updates comments key

---
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md            |   4 +-
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    | 190 +++++++++---------
 .../FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json           |   4 +-
 .../src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json       |   6 +-
 .../GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json       |   6 +-
 .../common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json         | 120 +++++------
 .../common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json     |  12 +-
 .../form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json       |   2 +-
 .../form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json    |   2 +-
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json    |  28 +--
 .../upload/UploadControl.i18n.json            |   4 +-
 .../components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json   |   6 +-
 12 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 192 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index 63a6db263..9c618f321 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 {
   "my_component.some_feature.label": {
     "string": "English text here",
-    "comment": "Context for translators: when and where this string appears."
+    "developer_comment": "Context for translators: when and where this string appears."
   }
 }
 ```
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 
 ## Developer comments
 
-The `comment` optinal field is for translators. Explain:
+The `developer_comment` optinal field is for translators. Explain:
 
 - Where the string appears in the UI
 - Any placeholders (e.g. `{count}` is the number of violations)
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index 015f4fa40..f3b90ed2e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -1,382 +1,382 @@
 {
   "form_load_failure_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
-    "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
   },
   "form_load_failure_dialog.details.label": {
     "string": "Technical error details",
-    "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
   },
   "odk_web_forms.submit.label": {
     "string": "Send",
-    "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
   },
   "odk_web_forms.validation.error": {
     "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
-    "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
+    "developer_comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
   },
   "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
-    "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
   },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy} m,",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude: {latitude},",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
   },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude: {longitude}.",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   },
   "map_async.load_error.message": {
     "string": "Unable to load map",
-    "comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
   },
   "map_block.graphics_error.title": {
     "string": "Graphics issue detected",
-    "comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
   },
   "map_block.graphics_error.message": {
     "string": "Your browser cannot display the map now. Enable graphics acceleration settings.",
-    "comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
   },
   "map_block.location_error.title": {
     "string": "Cannot access location",
-    "comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
   },
   "map_block.location_error.message": {
     "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
-    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
   },
   "map_block.get_location.label": {
     "string": "Get location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
   },
   "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed": {
     "string": "Press and drag to move a point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
   },
   "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default": {
     "string": "Tap to place a point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
   },
   "map_block.drag_instruction.placed": {
     "string": "Tap to move point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
   },
   "map_block.drag_instruction.default": {
     "string": "Use the location button to center on your current location",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header": {
     "string": "Delete entire shape?",
-    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header": {
     "string": "Delete entire trace?",
-    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body": {
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire shape and start over?",
-    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body": {
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
-    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
     "string": "Delete",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.error": {
     "string": "Longitude is invalid",
-    "comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.latitude.error": {
     "string": "Latitude is invalid",
-    "comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.altitude.label": {
     "string": "Altitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.import_data.label": {
     "string": "Import data to replace location",
-    "comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description": {
     "string": "Show all features on the map",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
   },
   "map_controls.current_location.description": {
     "string": "Find your location",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
   },
   "map_controls.undo.description": {
     "string": "Undo last action",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
   },
   "map_controls.delete.description": {
     "string": "Delete one vertex or all vertices",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
   },
   "map_controls.open_advanced.description": {
     "string": "Advanced manual edits",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
   },
   "map_controls.open_full_screen.description": {
     "string": "Expand to full screen",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
   },
   "map_controls.close_full_screen.description": {
     "string": "Exit full screen",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
   },
   "map_controls.open_info.description": {
     "string": "Show information of map actions",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
   },
   "map_info_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "How to use the map?",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
   },
   "map_properties.remove_selection.label": {
     "string": "Remove selection",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
   },
   "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
     "string": "Save selected",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {
     "string": "No trace saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label": {
     "string": "No shape saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label": {
     "string": "No point saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.point_saved.label": {
     "string": "Point saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.trace_saved.label": {
     "string": "Trace saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.shape_saved.label": {
     "string": "Shape saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.feature_saved.label": {
     "string": "Feature saved",
-    "comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.points_saved.label": {
     "string": "{count} points saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
   },
   "map_status_bar.capturing.label": {
     "string": "Capturing location...",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
   },
   "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
     "string": "Remove",
-    "comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
+    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
   },
   "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
     "string": "Remove point",
-    "comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
+    "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
   },
   "map_status_bar.view_details.label": {
     "string": "View details",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
   },
   "map_status_bar.advanced.label": {
     "string": "Advanced",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude: {longitude}",
-    "comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude: {latitude}",
-    "comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label": {
     "string": "Altitude: {altitude} m",
-    "comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
+    "developer_comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy}",
-    "comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "Import data to replace location",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label": {
     "string": "Paste data in ODK format",
-    "comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint": {
     "string": "Enter coordinates as: Lat Long Altitude Accuracy. Separate multiple points with a semicolon (;).",
-    "comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
+    "developer_comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label": {
     "string": "Upload a GeoJSON file",
-    "comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action": {
     "string": "Upload file",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
     "string": "File is empty.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error": {
     "string": "Unsupported file type. Please upload a .geojson file.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error": {
     "string": "Failed to parse file. Ensure it is a valid GeoJSON.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error": {
     "string": "Incorrect geometry type.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
   },
   "media_block.fetch.error": {
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Verify the URL and fetch settings.",
-    "comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
   },
   "media_block.not_found.error": {
     "string": "Media not found. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
   },
   "media_block.unknown.error": {
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+    "developer_comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
   },
   "video_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load video. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   },
   "audio_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load audio. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   },
   "image_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load image. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   },
   "rank_control.open.label": {
     "string": "Rank items",
-    "comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
   },
   "trigger_control.okay.label": {
     "string": "Okay",
-    "comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
   },
   "input_geopoint.get_location.label": {
     "string": "Get location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
   },
   "input_geopoint.try_again.label": {
     "string": "Try again",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
   },
   "input_geopoint.location_error.title": {
     "string": "Cannot access location",
-    "comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
   },
   "input_geopoint.location_error.description": {
     "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
-    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "Finding your location",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info": {
     "string": "Location will be saved at {accuracyThreshold} m",
-    "comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label": {
     "string": "Time taken to capture location:",
-    "comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
+    "developer_comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info": {
     "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
-    "comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
     "string": "Cancel",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.good.label": {
     "string": "Good accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label": {
     "string": "Good accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
     "string": "Poor accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
     "string": "Unknown accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
   },
   "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
     "string": "Take picture",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
   },
   "upload_image.choose.label": {
     "string": "Choose image",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
   },
   "repeat.add.label": {
     "string": "Add",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
   },
   "repeat.remove.label": {
     "string": "Remove",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
   },
   "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
     "string": "Repeat Item",
-    "comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
index 6811a3ddd..45ebacd25 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.i18n.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
   "form_load_failure_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "An error occurred while loading this form",
-    "comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
   },
   "form_load_failure_dialog.details.label": {
     "string": "Technical error details",
-    "comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
index 268c74aff..bc81850bc 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 {
   "odk_web_forms.submit.label": {
     "string": "Send",
-    "comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
   },
   "odk_web_forms.validation.error": {
     "string": "{count, plural, one {# question with error} other {# questions with errors}}",
-    "comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
+    "developer_comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
   },
   "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
-    "comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
index 7a2aee9d9..166799bb0 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.i18n.json
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 {
   "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy} m,",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude: {latitude},",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
   },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude: {longitude}.",
-    "comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
index 321d0d179..1a483e3f3 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
@@ -1,251 +1,251 @@
 {
   "map_async.load_error.message": {
     "string": "Unable to load map",
-    "comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
   },
 
   "map_block.graphics_error.title": {
     "string": "Graphics issue detected",
-    "comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
   },
   "map_block.graphics_error.message": {
     "string": "Your browser cannot display the map now. Enable graphics acceleration settings.",
-    "comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
   },
   "map_block.location_error.title": {
     "string": "Cannot access location",
-    "comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
   },
   "map_block.location_error.message": {
     "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
-    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
   },
 
   "map_block.get_location.label": {
     "string": "Get location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
   },
   "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed": {
     "string": "Press and drag to move a point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
   },
   "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default": {
     "string": "Tap to place a point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
   },
   "map_block.drag_instruction.placed": {
     "string": "Tap to move point",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
   },
   "map_block.drag_instruction.default": {
     "string": "Use the location button to center on your current location",
-    "comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
   },
 
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header": {
     "string": "Delete entire shape?",
-    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header": {
     "string": "Delete entire trace?",
-    "comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body": {
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire shape and start over?",
-    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body": {
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
-    "comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
   "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
     "string": "Delete",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
   },
 
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.error": {
     "string": "Longitude is invalid",
-    "comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.latitude.error": {
     "string": "Latitude is invalid",
-    "comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.altitude.label": {
     "string": "Altitude",
-    "comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
   },
   "map_advanced_panel.import_data.label": {
     "string": "Import data to replace location",
-    "comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
   },
 
   "map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description": {
     "string": "Show all features on the map",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
   },
   "map_controls.current_location.description": {
     "string": "Find your location",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
   },
   "map_controls.undo.description": {
     "string": "Undo last action",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
   },
   "map_controls.delete.description": {
     "string": "Delete one vertex or all vertices",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
   },
   "map_controls.open_advanced.description": {
     "string": "Advanced manual edits",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
   },
   "map_controls.open_full_screen.description": {
     "string": "Expand to full screen",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
   },
   "map_controls.close_full_screen.description": {
     "string": "Exit full screen",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
   },
   "map_controls.open_info.description": {
     "string": "Show information of map actions",
-    "comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
   },
 
   "map_info_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "How to use the map?",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
   },
 
   "map_properties.remove_selection.label": {
     "string": "Remove selection",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
   },
   "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
     "string": "Save selected",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
   },
 
   "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {
     "string": "No trace saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label": {
     "string": "No shape saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label": {
     "string": "No point saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
   },
   "map_status_bar.point_saved.label": {
     "string": "Point saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.trace_saved.label": {
     "string": "Trace saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.shape_saved.label": {
     "string": "Shape saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.feature_saved.label": {
     "string": "Feature saved",
-    "comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
   },
   "map_status_bar.points_saved.label": {
     "string": "{count} points saved",
-    "comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
   },
   "map_status_bar.capturing.label": {
     "string": "Capturing location...",
-    "comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
   },
   "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
     "string": "Remove",
-    "comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
+    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
   },
   "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
     "string": "Remove point",
-    "comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
+    "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
   },
   "map_status_bar.view_details.label": {
     "string": "View details",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
   },
   "map_status_bar.advanced.label": {
     "string": "Advanced",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude: {longitude}",
-    "comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label": {
     "string": "Latitude: {latitude}",
-    "comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+    "developer_comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label": {
     "string": "Altitude: {altitude} m",
-    "comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
+    "developer_comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
   },
   "map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy}",
-    "comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
   },
 
   "map_update_coords_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "Import data to replace location",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label": {
     "string": "Paste data in ODK format",
-    "comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint": {
     "string": "Enter coordinates as: Lat Long Altitude Accuracy. Separate multiple points with a semicolon (;).",
-    "comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
+    "developer_comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label": {
     "string": "Upload a GeoJSON file",
-    "comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action": {
     "string": "Upload file",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save",
-    "comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
     "string": "File is empty.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error": {
     "string": "Unsupported file type. Please upload a .geojson file.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error": {
     "string": "Failed to parse file. Ensure it is a valid GeoJSON.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
   },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error": {
     "string": "Incorrect geometry type.",
-    "comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
index be0cdae4e..9b3649792 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.i18n.json
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 {
   "media_block.fetch.error": {
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Verify the URL and fetch settings.",
-    "comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
   },
   "media_block.not_found.error": {
     "string": "Media not found. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
   },
   "media_block.unknown.error": {
     "string": "Cannot fetch media. Unknown error. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+    "developer_comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
   },
   "video_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load video. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   },
   "audio_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load audio. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   },
   "image_block.load.error": {
     "string": "Failed to load image. File: {file}",
-    "comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
index 81ec08751..f96fa114b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.i18n.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "rank_control.open.label": {
     "string": "Rank items",
-    "comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
index 8da51de94..7a7a7756c 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.i18n.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "trigger_control.okay.label": {
     "string": "Okay",
-    "comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
index 464c915fd..5ef9f01f4 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
@@ -1,58 +1,58 @@
 {
   "input_geopoint.get_location.label": {
     "string": "Get location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
   },
   "input_geopoint.try_again.label": {
     "string": "Try again",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
   },
   "input_geopoint.location_error.title": {
     "string": "Cannot access location",
-    "comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
   },
   "input_geopoint.location_error.description": {
     "string": "Grant location permission in the browser settings and make sure location is turned on.",
-    "comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.header.title": {
     "string": "Finding your location",
-    "comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info": {
     "string": "Location will be saved at {accuracyThreshold} m",
-    "comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
+    "developer_comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label": {
     "string": "Time taken to capture location:",
-    "comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
+    "developer_comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info": {
     "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
-    "comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+    "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
     "string": "Cancel",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
   },
   "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save location",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.good.label": {
     "string": "Good accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label": {
     "string": "Good accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
     "string": "Poor accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
     "string": "Unknown accuracy",
-    "comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
index 678e20de5..8949e0172 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
   "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
     "string": "Take picture",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
   },
   "upload_image.choose.label": {
     "string": "Choose image",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
index 3292ea183..36ec35ee7 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 {
   "repeat.add.label": {
     "string": "Add",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
   },
   "repeat.remove.label": {
     "string": "Remove",
-    "comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
   },
   "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
     "string": "Repeat Item",
-    "comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
   }
 }

From 56f65f5073e4259c3d444b2ce14bd90987ae3166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:54:08 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/30] Adds spanish translation from transifex

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json    | 382 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts        |   4 +-
 2 files changed, 385 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a98cf2e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+{
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Ocurrió un error al cargar este formulario",
+    "developer_comment": "The title text shown in the header of the dialog."
+  },
+  "form_load_failure_dialog.details.label": {
+    "string": "Detalles técnicos del error",
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the clickable summary that reveals technical error information."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.submit.label": {
+    "string": "Enviar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the primary form submission button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.validation.error": {
+    "string": "{count, plural, one {# pregunta con error} many {# preguntas con errores} other {# preguntas con errores}}",
+    "developer_comment": "Error banner message. {count} is the number of validation violations."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
+    "string": "Ubicación no disponible. Active el GPS y los permisos del navegador, luego reinicie el formulario para intentarlo de nuevo.",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión: {accuracy} m,",
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitud: {latitude},",
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS latitude coordinate. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitud: {longitude}.",
+    "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  },
+  "map_async.load_error.message": {
+    "string": "No se puede cargar el mapa",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
+  },
+  "map_block.graphics_error.title": {
+    "string": "Se detectó un problema de gráficos",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown when the browser cannot render the map due to WebGL being unavailable."
+  },
+  "map_block.graphics_error.message": {
+    "string": "Su navegador no puede mostrar el mapa en este momento. Active la configuración de aceleración de gráficos.",
+    "developer_comment": "Description of the WebGL error, instructing the user to enable hardware acceleration in their browser."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "No se puede acceder a la ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error shown in the map when the browser denies geolocation permission."
+  },
+  "map_block.location_error.message": {
+    "string": "Otorgue permisos de ubicación en la configuración del navegador y asegúrese de que la ubicación esté activada.",
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a geolocation access error in the map."
+  },
+  "map_block.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Obtener ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button in the map overlay that starts watching the device's GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Presione y arrastre para mover un punto",
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Presione para colocar un punto",
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag points and vertices."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.placed": {
+    "string": "Presione para mover el punto",
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map when a point has been placed and the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+  "map_block.drag_instruction.default": {
+    "string": "Use el botón de ubicación para centrar el mapa en su posición actual",
+    "developer_comment": "Instruction shown on the map before a point is placed, when the user can drag the feature."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header": {
+    "string": "¿Eliminar todo el polígono?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header": {
+    "string": "¿Eliminar toda la linea?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body": {
+    "string": "¿Está seguro de que desea eliminar todo el polígono y comenzar de nuevo?",
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a shape."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body": {
+    "string": "¿Está seguro de que desea eliminar toda la linea y comenzar de nuevo?",
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
+  },
+  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Eliminar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitud",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.longitude.error": {
+    "string": "La longitud no es válida",
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the longitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitud",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the latitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.latitude.error": {
+    "string": "La latitud no es válida",
+    "developer_comment": "Validation error shown when the latitude value entered is out of range."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitud",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the altitude input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the accuracy input field in the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_advanced_panel.import_data.label": {
+    "string": "Importar datos para reemplazar ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the link that opens the import/paste dialog from the advanced panel."
+  },
+  "map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description": {
+    "string": "Mostrar todos los elementos en el mapa",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that zooms to fit all features in view."
+  },
+  "map_controls.current_location.description": {
+    "string": "Encuentre su ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that centers the map on the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_controls.undo.description": {
+    "string": "Deshacer última acción",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that undoes the last map edit."
+  },
+  "map_controls.delete.description": {
+    "string": "Eliminar un vértice o todos los vértices",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that deletes the selected vertex or all vertices."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_advanced.description": {
+    "string": "Ediciones avanzadas manuales",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Expandir a pantalla completa",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that expands the map to full screen."
+  },
+  "map_controls.close_full_screen.description": {
+    "string": "Salir de pantalla completa",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that exits full-screen mode."
+  },
+  "map_controls.open_info.description": {
+    "string": "Mostrar información sobre las acciones del mapa",
+    "developer_comment": "Aria-label for the map control button that opens the info dialog listing available map actions."
+  },
+  "map_info_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "¿Cómo usar el mapa?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog that explains available map actions."
+  },
+  "map_properties.remove_selection.label": {
+    "string": "Quitar selección",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
+  },
+  "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
+    "string": "Guardar seleccionado",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Ninguna linea guardada",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no trace (linestring) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Ningún polígono guardado",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no shape (polygon) has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Ningún punto guardado",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when no point has been saved yet."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.point_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Punto guardado",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a point has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.trace_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Linea guardada",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a trace (linestring) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.shape_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Polígono guardado",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown when a shape (polygon) has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.feature_saved.label": {
+    "string": "Elemento guardado",
+    "developer_comment": "Fallback status bar message shown when a feature of an unrecognised geometry type has been saved."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.points_saved.label": {
+    "string": "{count} puntos guardados",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message showing how many points have been saved. {count} is the number of saved points."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.capturing.label": {
+    "string": "Obteniendo ubicación...",
+    "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Eliminar",
+    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
+    "string": "Eliminar punto",
+    "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.view_details.label": {
+    "string": "Ver detalles",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the feature properties panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.advanced.label": {
+    "string": "Avanzado",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the advanced coordinate editing panel."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label": {
+    "string": "Longitud: {longitude}",
+    "developer_comment": "Longitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label": {
+    "string": "Latitud: {latitude}",
+    "developer_comment": "Latitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {latitude} is the numeric latitude value."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label": {
+    "string": "Altitud: {altitude} m",
+    "developer_comment": "Altitude component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {altitude} is the numeric altitude value in metres."
+  },
+  "map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión: {accuracy}",
+    "developer_comment": "Accuracy component of the selected vertex info shown in the map status bar. {accuracy} is the pre-formatted accuracy value."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Importar datos para reemplazar ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog for importing coordinates via paste or file upload."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label": {
+    "string": "Pegue los datos en formato ODK",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the paste input field in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint": {
+    "string": "Ingrese las coordenadas como: Latitud Longitud Altitud Precisión. Separe múltiples puntos con un punto y coma (;).",
+    "developer_comment": "Helper text explaining the expected format for pasted coordinate data."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label": {
+    "string": "Subir un archivo GeoJSON",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the file upload section in the import coordinates dialog."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action": {
+    "string": "Subir archivo",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Guardar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
+    "string": "El archivo está vacío.",
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error": {
+    "string": "Tipo de archivo no compatible. Por favor, suba un archivo .geojson.",
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file is not a supported GeoJSON format."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error": {
+    "string": "Error al convertir el archivo. Asegúrese de que sea un GeoJSON válido.",
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file could not be parsed as valid GeoJSON."
+  },
+  "map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error": {
+    "string": "Tipo de geometría incorrecto.",
+    "developer_comment": "Error shown when the imported data contains a geometry type incompatible with the current field."
+  },
+  "media_block.fetch.error": {
+    "string": "No fue posible obtener el archivo multimedia. Compruebe la URL y los ajustes de descarga",
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when media (image, audio or video) fetching fails."
+  },
+  "media_block.not_found.error": {
+    "string": "Archivo multimedia no encontrado. Archivo: {file}",
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when the server returns a 404 or non-200 status."
+  },
+  "media_block.unknown.error": {
+    "string": "No fue posible obtener el archivo multimedia. Error desconocido. Archivo: {file}",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic fallback for network failures or unexpected exceptions."
+  },
+  "video_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Error al cargar el video. Archivo: {file}",
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when a video element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "audio_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Error al cargar el audio. Archivo: {file}",
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an audio element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "image_block.load.error": {
+    "string": "Error al cargar la imagen. Archivo: {file}",
+    "developer_comment": "Displayed when an image element fires a load error. {file} is the resource URL."
+  },
+  "rank_control.open.label": {
+    "string": "Ordenar elementos",
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the button that opens the rank control."
+  },
+  "trigger_control.okay.label": {
+    "string": "Aceptar",
+    "developer_comment": "The label for the 'Okay' button."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.get_location.label": {
+    "string": "Obtener ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to start capturing the device's current GPS location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.try_again.label": {
+    "string": "Intentar de nuevo",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to retry capturing the GPS location after one has already been saved."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.title": {
+    "string": "No se puede acceder a la ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the error message shown when the browser cannot access the device's location."
+  },
+  "input_geopoint.location_error.description": {
+    "string": "Otorgue permisos de ubicación en la configuración del navegador y asegúrese de que la ubicación esté activada.",
+    "developer_comment": "Description of what the user should do to resolve a location access error."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Buscando su ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Title shown in the header of the dialog while the device is searching for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info": {
+    "string": "La ubicación se guardará a los {accuracyThreshold} m",
+    "developer_comment": "Informational message shown while waiting for a GPS fix. {accuracyThreshold} is the accuracy threshold in metres at which the location will be automatically saved."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label": {
+    "string": "Tiempo transcurrido para capturar la ubicación:",
+    "developer_comment": "Label preceding the elapsed time counter shown while waiting for a GPS fix."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info": {
+    "string": "Ubicación anterior guardada a los {accuracy} m",
+    "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancelar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
+  },
+  "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
+    "string": "Guardar ubicación",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.good.label": {
+    "string": "Buena precisión",
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the good threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.acceptable.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión aceptable",
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy is within the acceptable threshold (between good and unacceptable)."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión deficiente",
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+  },
+  "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
+    "string": "Precisión desconocida",
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
+  },
+  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
+    "string": "Tomar foto",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
+  },
+  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+    "string": "Seleccionar imagen",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+  },
+  "repeat.add.label": {
+    "string": "Agregar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Eliminar",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
+  },
+  "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Elemento",
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
index 6fddb5701..8b3265867 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
@@ -148,7 +148,9 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 
 		it('non-empty strings override English fallback when merged', () => {
 			const enMessages = { 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': 'Send' };
-			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({ 'odk_web_forms.submit.label': { string: 'Envoyer' } });
+			const frNormalized = normalizeMessages({
+				'odk_web_forms.submit.label': { string: 'Envoyer' },
+			});
 			const merged = { ...enMessages, ...frNormalized };
 
 			expect(merged['odk_web_forms.submit.label']).toBe('Envoyer');

From 1fb49b7f724f475ab507d0cdf8e111216f62e25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 01:12:16 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 11/30] fix unit tests

---
 .../components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts     | 2 +-
 .../tests/components/form-layout/FormQuestion.test.ts         | 2 +-
 .../tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts          | 4 ++--
 packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts                           | 3 ++-
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
index 3c337159d..81bcbc00a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const mountComponent = (selectNode: SelectNode, submitPressed = false) => {
 		},
 		global: {
 			...globalMountOptions,
-			provide: { [SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(submitPressed) },
+			provide: { ...globalMountOptions.provide, [SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(submitPressed) },
 		},
 		attachTo: document.body,
 	});
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormQuestion.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormQuestion.test.ts
index 84c953b21..f0083022f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormQuestion.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/FormQuestion.test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const mountComponent = async (formPath: string, questionNumber: number) => {
 		},
 		global: {
 			...globalMountOptions,
-			provide: { [IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false) },
+			provide: { ...globalMountOptions.provide, [IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false) },
 		},
 	});
 };
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
index 4598b2412..6a3d9cb1b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ const mountComponent = async (fileName: string) => {
 		},
 		global: {
 			...globalMountOptions,
-			provide: { [IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false) },
+			provide: { ...globalMountOptions.provide, [IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false) },
 		},
 	});
 };
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('RepeatRange', () => {
 
 		await component.find('.button-menu').trigger('click');
 
-		await component.find('li[aria-label="Remove"] a').trigger('click');
+		await component.find('li[aria-label="repeat.remove.label"] a').trigger('click');
 
 		expect(component.findAllComponents(RepeatInstance).length).toBe(0);
 	});
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
index f73d2321d..7d746ad51 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { SUBMIT_PRESSED } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, SUBMIT_PRESSED } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import { xformFixturesByIdentifier } from '@getodk/common/fixtures/xforms.ts';
 import type { AnyFunction } from '@getodk/common/types/helpers.d.ts';
 import type { RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ export const globalMountOptions: GlobalMountOptions = {
 	plugins: [[PrimeVue, { theme: { preset: odkThemePreset } }]],
 	provide: {
 		[SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(false),
+		[FORMAT_MESSAGE]: (descriptor: { id?: string }) => descriptor.id ?? '',
 	},
 	stubs: {
 		teleport: true,

From c4e56f5ff9e7a7fdc043ba290610613f418e2370 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 02:03:08 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/30] updates release step

---
 .tx/config | 9 +++++++++
 README.md  | 7 ++++---
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 .tx/config

diff --git a/.tx/config b/.tx/config
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d01f32a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[main]
+host = https://app.transifex.com
+
+[o:getodk:p:odk-web-forms:r:strings]
+file_filter  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_<lang>.json
+source_file  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+source_lang  = en
+type         = STRUCTURED_JSON
+minimum_perc = 50
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index feb01ee0d..165b9ef0c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -510,9 +510,10 @@ If you'd like to try the functionality available on `main`, see the preview [on
 
 1. Run `yarn changeset version` to generate changelog files and version bumps from the changeset files.
 2. Run `yarn install` to update `yarn.lock` with the new versions.
-3. Verify that the changelogs look good, commit changes, open a PR, and merge the PR.
-4. Push tags for each package in the format `@getodk/<package>@x.x.x`. A GitHub action will publish the packages on NPM.
-5. Update dependencies to kick off the new release cycle.
+3. Update translations by running `tx pull -a -f --mode translator` in the root directory.
+4. Verify that the changelogs look good, commit changes, open a PR, and merge the PR.
+5. Push tags for each package in the format `@getodk/<package>@x.x.x`. A GitHub action will publish the packages on NPM.
+6. Update dependencies to kick off the new release cycle.
 
 ### Patch release process
 

From 0668877728f9ebb0c27918232b3ee7ba4c5c56cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 02:13:28 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 13/30] Updates translation docs

---
 packages/web-forms/README.md       | 6 ++++++
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/README.md b/packages/web-forms/README.md
index 38c9b1a2e..6f11e5b56 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/README.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/README.md
@@ -146,3 +146,9 @@ To add a new icon:
 - Use the icon by passing its name to the `name` prop.
 
 Material Icons are available under the Apache License Version 2.0. Copy of the license can be found at [`./src/assets/fonts/LICENSE-2.0.txt`](./src/assets/fonts/LICENSE-2.0.txt)
+
+### Translations
+
+Translations are managed on Transifex. Translators can contribute at: https://app.transifex.com/getodk/odk-web-forms
+
+For developers, see [TRANSLATIONS.md](./TRANSLATIONS.md) for details on how UI strings are managed and how to add or update translations.
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index 9c618f321..5d78162ed 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 ## How it works
 
-Translation strings are defined in `.i18n.json` files co-located with their components. At build time, these files are merged into `locales/strings_en.json`, which serves as the English baseline and is eagerly loaded at runtime. Translations for other locales are fetch from Transifex and then loaded lazily when the user switches language.
+Translation strings are defined in `.i18n.json` files co-located with their components. At build time, these files are merged into `locales/strings_en.json`, which serves as the English baseline and is eagerly loaded at runtime. Translations for other locales are loaded lazily when the user switches language.
+
+Transifex automatically pulls the source strings from `locales/strings_en.json` daily. Translation files are synced back into the project just before each release.
 
 ## Key naming convention
 

From 0008abbd3ddfc00697d177e685bffb4e3b678082 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2026 02:18:53 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 14/30] Move documentation

---
 README.md                          | 6 ++++++
 packages/web-forms/README.md       | 6 ------
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 165b9ef0c..6845e7cde 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -414,6 +414,12 @@ We will be adding color and more styling soon. We intend to expose a way to do b
 
 Thank you for contributing! Follow these guidelines for smooth collaboration.
 
+### Translations
+
+Translations are managed on Transifex. Translators can contribute at: https://app.transifex.com/getodk/odk-web-forms
+
+For developers, see [TRANSLATIONS.md](./packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md) for details on how UI strings are managed and how to add or update translations.
+
 ### Requirements
 
 - [Volta](https://volta.sh/) to ensure consistent `node` and `yarn` versions.
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/README.md b/packages/web-forms/README.md
index 6f11e5b56..38c9b1a2e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/README.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/README.md
@@ -146,9 +146,3 @@ To add a new icon:
 - Use the icon by passing its name to the `name` prop.
 
 Material Icons are available under the Apache License Version 2.0. Copy of the license can be found at [`./src/assets/fonts/LICENSE-2.0.txt`](./src/assets/fonts/LICENSE-2.0.txt)
-
-### Translations
-
-Translations are managed on Transifex. Translators can contribute at: https://app.transifex.com/getodk/odk-web-forms
-
-For developers, see [TRANSLATIONS.md](./TRANSLATIONS.md) for details on how UI strings are managed and how to add or update translations.
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index 5d78162ed..75c7aabca 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Keys follow a 3-part dot-separated pattern:
 component.feature.type
 ```
 
-- **component**: camelCase name of the Vue component that owns the string (e.g. `odkWebForm`)
+- **component**: camelCase name of the Vue component that owns the string (e.g. `odk_web_forms`)
 - **feature**: the feature or section within that component (e.g. `submit`, `validation`)
 - **type**: what kind of string it is. Use one of:
   - `label`: button or field label

From cfc3de81e5c7772cd4f1a7fc52b93e5d967cfd3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2026 01:26:11 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 15/30] polishing code

---
 .../fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml  | 12 +++---
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     | 42 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
index 345ff213e..90ca742e5 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
+++ b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@
             <value>What time is your first meal?</value>
           </text>
         </translation>
-        <translation lang="French (fr)" default="true()">
+        <translation lang="Spanish (es)" default="true()">
           <text id="/data/dates/survey_date:label">
-            <value>Quand allez-vous remplir ce questionnaire?</value>
+            <value>¿Cuando está completando este formulario?</value>
           </text>
           <text id="/data/dates/date_of_birth:label">
-            <value>Quand êtes-vous né(e) ?</value>
+            <value>¿Cuál es su fecha de nacimiento?</value>
           </text>
           <text id="/data/dates/fruits_date:label">
-            <value>Quand est-ce que vous avez mangé des fruits pour la dernière fois ?</value>
+            <value>¿Cuando fué la ultima vez que comió frutas?</value>
           </text>
           <text id="/data/dates/vegetables_date:label">
-            <value>Quand est-ce que vous avez mangé des légumes pour la dernière fois ?</value>
+            <value>¿Cuando fué la ultima vez que comió verduras?</value>
           </text>
           <text id="/data/dates/time:label">
-            <value>À quelle heure prends-tu ton premier repas ?</value>
+            <value>¿A que hora es su primera comida?</value>
           </text>
         </translation>
       </itext>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index 6546d7648..b97d17045 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -55,7 +55,11 @@ const loadMessages = async (locale: string): Promise<ICUMessage> => {
 
 const baseLanguage = (code: string): string => code.split('-')[0] ?? code;
 
-const resolveLocale = (locale: string, isAvailable: (l: string) => boolean): string => {
+/**
+ * Resolves what is available for a requested locale: exact match → base language → English.
+ * Preference/priority (which locale to request in the first place) is handled upstream by resolveUILocale.
+ */
+const findAvailableLocale = (locale: string, isAvailable: (l: string) => boolean): string => {
 	if (locale === FALLBACK) {
 		return FALLBACK;
 	}
@@ -88,6 +92,12 @@ const findFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[], localeCode: string | null |
 	});
 };
 
+const resolveUILocale = (formLanguage?: FormLanguage) => {
+	return (
+		formLanguage?.locale?.baseName ?? navigator.languages?.[0] ?? navigator.language ?? FALLBACK
+	);
+};
+
 const findBrowserFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
 	const browserLanguages = navigator.languages ?? [navigator.language];
 	for (const lang of browserLanguages) {
@@ -139,28 +149,31 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		const formLocale = formLanguage.locale?.baseName ?? FALLBACK;
-		applyLocale(formLocale);
+		applyLocale(resolveUILocale(formLanguage));
 		formRef.value?.setLanguage(formLanguage);
+		if (formLanguage.locale?.baseName?.length) {
+			try {
+				localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, formLanguage.locale.baseName);
+			} catch (error) {
+				// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+				console.warn("Failed to save the user's locale preference to localStorage:", error);
+			}
+		}
 	};
 
 	const applyLocale = (newLocale: string) => {
 		latestRequestedLocale.locale = newLocale;
 		document.documentElement.lang = newLocale;
-		try {
-			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, newLocale);
-		} catch (error) {
-			// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
-			console.warn('Failed to save locale preference to localStorage:', error);
-		}
 
-		const primeLocaleKey = resolveLocale(newLocale, (lang) => Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang));
+		const primeLocaleKey = findAvailableLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
+			return Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang);
+		});
 		const primeLocale = primeLocales[primeLocaleKey as keyof typeof primeLocales];
 		if (primeLocale) {
 			primevue.config.locale = { ...primevue.config.locale, ...primeLocale };
 		}
 
-		const messagesLocale = resolveLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
+		const messagesLocale = findAvailableLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
 			return Object.hasOwn(availableTranslations, `/locales/strings_${lang}.json`);
 		});
 		void loadMessages(messagesLocale).then((messages) => {
@@ -178,9 +191,10 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		formLanguages,
 		(langs) => {
 			if (!langs.length) {
-				// No form languages found (loading error or empty form)
-				// Using browser locale, skipping persisted locale, as user won't be able to change it without form context.
-				applyLocale(navigator.languages?.[0] ?? navigator.language ?? FALLBACK);
+				// No form languages found (loading error or empty form).
+				// Skipping persisted locale: without form context the user can't change language,
+				// the saved preference stays untouched for the next form load.
+				applyLocale(resolveUILocale());
 				return;
 			}
 			const formLanguage =

From 4c0a8289c89ae0b5edf1755f8427210b1cf9f43a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2026 01:45:12 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 16/30] improve spanish

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
index a98cf2e3c..278b66188 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button that removes the currently saved feature selection."
   },
   "map_properties.save_selected.label": {
-    "string": "Guardar seleccionado",
+    "string": "Guardar selección",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button that saves the currently selected map feature."
   },
   "map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label": {

From d1c9325e91d18a992901ea813a4944bd8876b5b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:18:50 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 17/30] feedback part 1: translation keys

---
 .../fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml  | 17 +++++++
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json    |  2 +-
 .../upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue            | 13 +++---
 .../upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue              |  9 ++--
 .../upload/UploadControl.i18n.json            | 44 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue    | 19 ++++----
 .../form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue |  9 ++--
 .../upload/UploadImageHeader.vue              |  6 +--
 .../upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue              |  9 ++--
 9 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
index 90ca742e5..86546e650 100644
--- a/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
+++ b/packages/common/src/fixtures/date-and-time/date-and-time.xml
@@ -24,6 +24,23 @@
             <value>What time is your first meal?</value>
           </text>
         </translation>
+        <translation lang="French (fr)">
+          <text id="/data/dates/survey_date:label">
+            <value>Quand allez-vous remplir ce questionnaire?</value>
+          </text>
+          <text id="/data/dates/date_of_birth:label">
+            <value>Quand êtes-vous né(e) ?</value>
+          </text>
+          <text id="/data/dates/fruits_date:label">
+            <value>Quand est-ce que vous avez mangé des fruits pour la dernière fois ?</value>
+          </text>
+          <text id="/data/dates/vegetables_date:label">
+            <value>Quand est-ce que vous avez mangé des légumes pour la dernière fois ?</value>
+          </text>
+          <text id="/data/dates/time:label">
+            <value>À quelle heure prends-tu ton premier repas ?</value>
+          </text>
+        </translation>
         <translation lang="Spanish (es)" default="true()">
           <text id="/data/dates/survey_date:label">
             <value>¿Cuando está completando este formulario?</value>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
index 5ef9f01f4..bc78ca192 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
     "string": "Poor accuracy",
-    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy does not meet the acceptable threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
     "string": "Unknown accuracy",
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
index 64ac95585..2e6f0f10a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
+import { inject } from 'vue';
 
 defineProps<{
 	visible: boolean;
 }>();
 
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFile']);
 </script>
 
@@ -17,18 +21,15 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFile']);
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<strong>Delete uploaded file?</strong>
+			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<p>Are you sure you want to delete this file?</p>
+			<p>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.body.message' }) }}</p>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<Button label="Delete" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
index f194f0d30..d25bf97a4 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
-import { ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 const selectAudioInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -48,8 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectAudioInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiFileMusic" variant="inverted" />
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
-		<span>Choose file</span>
+		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectAudioInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
index 8949e0172..8cf402790 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
@@ -1,10 +1,50 @@
 {
-  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
+  "upload_image_header.take_picture.label": {
     "string": "Take picture",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
   },
-  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+  "upload_image_header.choose_image.label": {
     "string": "Choose image",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
+  },
+  "upload_control.choose_file.label": {
+    "string": "Choose file",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose a file from the device. Used in the audio, video, and generic file upload headers."
+  },
+  "upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Drag and drop files here to upload",
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder text shown in the upload area when no file has been selected."
+  },
+  "upload_control.file_too_large.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file size exceeds the maximum allowed",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file exceeds the maximum allowed size."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_image.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be an image file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an image."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_video.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be a video file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not a video."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_audio.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be an audio file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an audio file."
+  },
+  "upload_control.invalid_file_type.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file does not match expected type",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file does not match the expected media type."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Delete uploaded file?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.body.message": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this file?",
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Delete",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of an uploaded file."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
index 113c6a137..fe9c5d0da 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import ControlText from '@/components/form-elements/ControlText.vue';
-import { FORM_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORM_OPTIONS, FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import type { FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ export interface UploadControlProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<UploadControlProps>();
 const formOptions = inject<FormOptions>(FORM_OPTIONS);
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 const isDisabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
 const fileName = computed(() => props.question.currentState.value?.name ?? '');
@@ -69,8 +71,7 @@ const objectURL = computed((previous: ObjectURL | null = null) => {
 
 const validateFile = (file: File) => {
 	if (file.size > maxFileSize.value) {
-		// TODO translations
-		fileError.value = 'Selected file size exceeds the maximum allowed';
+		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.file_too_large.error' });
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -98,15 +99,14 @@ const validateFile = (file: File) => {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO translations
 	if (mediaType.value === 'image') {
-		fileError.value = 'Selected file must be an image file';
+		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_image.error' });
 	} else if (mediaType.value === 'video') {
-		fileError.value = 'Selected file must be a video file';
+		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_video.error' });
 	} else if (mediaType.value === 'audio') {
-		fileError.value = 'Selected file must be an audio file';
+		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_audio.error' });
 	} else {
-		fileError.value = 'Selected file does not match expected type';
+		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.invalid_file_type.error' });
 	}
 
 	return false;
@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ const onDrop = (event: DragEvent) => {
 						<IconSVG name="mdiClose" variant="muted" size="sm" />
 					</Button>
 				</div>
-				<!-- TODO: translations -->
 				<Message
 					v-else-if="fileError"
 					severity="error"
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ const onDrop = (event: DragEvent) => {
 					{{ fileError }}
 				</Message>
 				<div v-else class="placeholder">
-					Drag and drop files here to upload
+					{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder' }) }}
 				</div>
 			</div>
 		</template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
index ec2513f3b..5040b091e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
-import { ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 const selectFileInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -48,8 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectFileInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiPaperclip" variant="inverted" />
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
-		<span>Choose file</span>
+		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectFileInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
index bdf53e3c7..84e1cb575 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 			@click="triggerInputField(takePictureInput)"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiCamera" variant="inverted" />
-			<!-- TODO: translations -->
-			<span>Take picture</span>
+			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image_header.take_picture.label' }) }}</span>
 		</Button>
 
 		<input
@@ -103,8 +102,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectImageInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiImage" variant="inverted" />
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
-		<span>Choose image</span>
+		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image_header.choose_image.label' }) }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectImageInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
index b2cfe3c11..79641144b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
-import { ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
+
+const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 
 const selectVideoInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -48,8 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectVideoInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiFileVideo" variant="inverted" />
-		<!-- TODO: translations -->
-		<span>Choose file</span>
+		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectVideoInput"

From a9f9dca3adb657967e9975e12e0bfd61e17aa350 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:33:37 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 18/30] feedback part 2: common translation keys

---
 .../src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json          | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 .../components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json | 12 ------------
 .../components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue   |  2 +-
 .../src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue   |  2 +-
 .../common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue         |  2 +-
 .../input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue  |  2 +-
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json       |  4 ----
 .../form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue |  2 +-
 .../form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json |  4 ----
 .../src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json  |  4 ----
 .../components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue    |  2 +-
 11 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
index bc81850bc..58904ae12 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.i18n.json
@@ -10,5 +10,21 @@
   "odk_web_forms.geolocation.error": {
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
     "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Delete",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a delete action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancel",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a cancel action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a remove action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a save action button."
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
index 1a483e3f3..4a9eed790 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapComponent.i18n.json
@@ -58,10 +58,6 @@
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
     "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
-  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
-    "string": "Delete",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
-  },
 
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude",
@@ -175,10 +171,6 @@
     "string": "Capturing location...",
     "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
   },
-  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Remove",
-    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
-  },
   "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
     "string": "Remove point",
     "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
@@ -228,10 +220,6 @@
     "string": "Upload file",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
   },
-  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
-    "string": "Save",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
-  },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
     "string": "File is empty.",
     "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
index f81cdb738..949d95938 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
index 716111646..8da400068 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 			<div v-if="savedStatus" class="map-status-buttons">
 				<Button v-if="canRemove" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('discard')">
 					<span>–</span>
-					<span class="mobile-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.remove.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span class="mobile-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.remove.label' }) }}</span>
 					<span class="desktop-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.remove_point.label' }) }}</span>
 				</Button>
 				<Button v-if="canViewDetails" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('view-details')">
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
index 3170e93c9..4b26da99d 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.save.label' })" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.save.label' })" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
index 1ec86bbd9..c3003a007 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 
 		<template #footer>
 			<div class="geo-dialog-footer">
-				<Button text severity="contrast" :label="formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.cancel.label' })" @click="cancel()" />
+				<Button text severity="contrast" :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.cancel.label' })" @click="cancel()" />
 
 				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.save.label' })" :disabled="accuracy.value == null" @click="save()" />
 			</div>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
index bc78ca192..682533d49 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.i18n.json
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@
     "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
     "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
-  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
-    "string": "Cancel",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
-  },
   "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save location",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
index 2e6f0f10a..578ba7c59 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFile']);
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
+			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
index 8cf402790..3a6f07226 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
@@ -43,8 +43,4 @@
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this file?",
     "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
   },
-  "upload_delete_dialog.delete.label": {
-    "string": "Delete",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of an uploaded file."
-  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
index 36ec35ee7..44fda3a79 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/Repeat.i18n.json
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@
     "string": "Add",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
   },
-  "repeat.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Remove",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
-  },
   "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
     "string": "Repeat Item",
     "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
index ab85d4615..d7066a8da 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const menuItems = computed((): MenuItem[] | undefined => {
 
 	return [
 		{
-			label: formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.remove.label' }),
+			label: formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.remove.label' }),
 			icon: 'icon-delete',
 			command: () => {
 				return parent.removeInstances(props.instanceIndex);

From 2f72ed4b9675bb11f7218866bea5d557210f6e65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:45:54 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 19/30] feedback part 3: adds readme file and warning when
 using cli tool wrong

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/README.md             | 4 ++++
 packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/locales/README.md

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/README.md b/packages/web-forms/locales/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9258f30a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Locales
+
+**Do not edit these files directly.** The `strings_en.json` file is auto-generated by `scripts/merge-translations.js`, and the other `strings_[locale].json` files are pulled from the Transifex project.
+The source strings are defined in `.i18n.json` files.
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
index 813739545..35f5bd31e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
+++ b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
@@ -74,4 +74,9 @@ const run = async () => {
 
 if (process.argv[1] === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
 	void run();
+} else {
+	console.warn(
+		`[Warning] The ${fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)} was imported as a module.\n` +
+		`This script is designed to run as a standalone CLI tool.`
+	);
 }

From 25a33e1a8a558d0bddbd7a9a433dcdaff98c7ab1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 01:23:18 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 20/30] feedback part 4: transifex cli config

---
 .tx/config                                    |    2 +-
 README.md                                     |    2 +-
 package.json                                  |    6 +-
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md            |    2 +-
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    |   78 +-
 .../upload/UploadControl.i18n.json            |    2 +-
 yarn.lock                                     | 1043 ++++++++++++++++-
 7 files changed, 1069 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.tx/config b/.tx/config
index d01f32a96..44ebbb061 100755
--- a/.tx/config
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ file_filter  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_<lang>.json
 source_file  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
 source_lang  = en
 type         = STRUCTURED_JSON
-minimum_perc = 50
+minimum_perc = 0
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a62f7eaa0..ac38525a6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ If you'd like to try the functionality available on `main`, see the preview [on
 
 1. Run `yarn changeset version` to generate changelog files and version bumps from the changeset files.
 2. Run `yarn install` to update `yarn.lock` with the new versions.
-3. Update translations by running `tx pull -a -f --mode translator` in the root directory.
+3. Update translations by running `yarn translations:pull` in the root directory.
 4. Verify that the changelogs look good, commit changes, open a PR, and merge the PR.
 5. Push tags for each package in the format `@getodk/<package>@x.x.x`. A GitHub action will publish the packages on NPM.
 6. Update dependencies to kick off the new release cycle.
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index d960eb377..e4991a24f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
     "format:readme-only": "prettier -w README.md",
     "format:checkonly": "prettier -c \"**/*\" --ignore-unknown",
     "lint": "eslint . --report-unused-disable-directives --cache",
-    "feature-matrix": "node scripts/feature-matrix/render.js"
+    "feature-matrix": "node scripts/feature-matrix/render.js",
+    "translations:pull": "tx pull -a -f --mode translator"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@changesets/changelog-github": "^0.5.1",
@@ -74,5 +75,8 @@
   "resolutions": {
     "tree-sitter": "0.22.1",
     "@asgerf/dts-tree-sitter/tree-sitter": "0.22.1"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@transifex/cli": "^7.1.5"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index 75c7aabca..e7e5a7b0f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 
 ## Developer comments
 
-The `developer_comment` optinal field is for translators. Explain:
+The `developer_comment` optional field is for translators. Explain:
 
 - Where the string appears in the UI
 - Any placeholders (e.g. `{count}` is the number of violations)
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index f3b90ed2e..a566a5eb4 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -19,6 +19,22 @@
     "string": "Location unavailable. Enable GPS and browser permissions, then restart the form to try again.",
     "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
   },
+  "odk_web_forms.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Delete",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a delete action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancel",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a cancel action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Remove",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a remove action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.save.label": {
+    "string": "Save",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a save action button."
+  },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Accuracy: {accuracy} m,",
     "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
@@ -87,10 +103,6 @@
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this entire trace and start over?",
     "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
-  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
-    "string": "Delete",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
-  },
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitude",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
@@ -199,10 +211,6 @@
     "string": "Capturing location...",
     "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
   },
-  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Remove",
-    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
-  },
   "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
     "string": "Remove point",
     "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
@@ -251,10 +259,6 @@
     "string": "Upload file",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
   },
-  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
-    "string": "Save",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
-  },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
     "string": "File is empty.",
     "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
@@ -335,10 +339,6 @@
     "string": "Previous saved location at {accuracy} m",
     "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
-  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
-    "string": "Cancel",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
-  },
   "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Save location",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
@@ -353,28 +353,60 @@
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
     "string": "Poor accuracy",
-    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy does not meet the acceptable threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
     "string": "Unknown accuracy",
     "developer_comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
   },
-  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
+  "upload_image_header.take_picture.label": {
     "string": "Take picture",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
   },
-  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+  "upload_image_header.choose_image.label": {
     "string": "Choose image",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
   },
+  "upload_control.choose_file.label": {
+    "string": "Choose file",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose a file from the device. Used in the audio, video, and generic file upload headers."
+  },
+  "upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Drag and drop files here to upload",
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder text shown in the upload area when no file has been selected."
+  },
+  "upload_control.file_too_large.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file size exceeds the maximum allowed",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file exceeds the maximum allowed size."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_image.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be an image file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an image."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_video.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be a video file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not a video."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_audio.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file must be an audio file",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an audio file."
+  },
+  "upload_control.invalid_file_type.error": {
+    "string": "Selected file does not match expected type",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file does not match the expected media type."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "Delete uploaded file?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.body.message": {
+    "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this file?",
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
   "repeat.add.label": {
     "string": "Add",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
   },
-  "repeat.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Remove",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
-  },
   "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
     "string": "Repeat Item",
     "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
index 3a6f07226..865c57479 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.i18n.json
@@ -42,5 +42,5 @@
   "upload_delete_dialog.body.message": {
     "string": "Are you sure you want to delete this file?",
     "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
-  },
+  }
 }
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 1f3c412ff..9d9cf5288 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -400,6 +400,17 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@babel/parser@npm:^7.23.6, @babel/parser@npm:^7.29.2, @babel/parser@npm:^7.6.0, @babel/parser@npm:^7.9.6":
+  version: 7.29.2
+  resolution: "@babel/parser@npm:7.29.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
+  bin:
+    parser: ./bin/babel-parser.js
+  checksum: 10c0/e5a4e69e3ac7acdde995f37cf299a68458cfe7009dff66bd0962fd04920bef287201169006af365af479c08ff216bfefbb595e331f87f6ae7283858aebbc3317
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@babel/parser@npm:^7.25.3":
   version: 7.26.5
   resolution: "@babel/parser@npm:7.26.5"
@@ -512,6 +523,21 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@babel/traverse@npm:^7.23.7, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.29.0":
+  version: 7.29.0
+  resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.29.0"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/code-frame": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/generator": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/helper-globals": "npm:^7.28.0"
+    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/template": "npm:^7.28.6"
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    debug: "npm:^4.3.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/f63ef6e58d02a9fbf3c0e2e5f1c877da3e0bc57f91a19d2223d53e356a76859cbaf51171c9211c71816d94a0e69efa2732fd27ffc0e1bbc84b636e60932333eb
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@babel/traverse@npm:^7.27.1":
   version: 7.28.0
   resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.28.0"
@@ -542,21 +568,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@babel/traverse@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.29.0":
-  version: 7.29.0
-  resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.29.0"
-  dependencies:
-    "@babel/code-frame": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/generator": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/helper-globals": "npm:^7.28.0"
-    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/template": "npm:^7.28.6"
-    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    debug: "npm:^4.3.1"
-  checksum: 10c0/f63ef6e58d02a9fbf3c0e2e5f1c877da3e0bc57f91a19d2223d53e356a76859cbaf51171c9211c71816d94a0e69efa2732fd27ffc0e1bbc84b636e60932333eb
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
 "@babel/types@npm:^7.26.5":
   version: 7.26.5
   resolution: "@babel/types@npm:7.26.5"
@@ -587,7 +598,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@babel/types@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/types@npm:^7.29.0":
+"@babel/types@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/types@npm:^7.29.0, @babel/types@npm:^7.6.1, @babel/types@npm:^7.9.6":
   version: 7.29.0
   resolution: "@babel/types@npm:7.29.0"
   dependencies:
@@ -852,6 +863,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@colors/colors@npm:^1.6.0":
+  version: 1.6.0
+  resolution: "@colors/colors@npm:1.6.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/9328a0778a5b0db243af54455b79a69e3fb21122d6c15ef9e9fcc94881d8d17352d8b2b2590f9bdd46fac5c2d6c1636dcfc14358a20c70e22daf89e1a759b629
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@csstools/color-helpers@npm:^5.1.0":
   version: 5.1.0
   resolution: "@csstools/color-helpers@npm:5.1.0"
@@ -1233,6 +1251,18 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:2.3.6":
+  version: 2.3.6
+  resolution: "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:2.3.6"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:2.2.7"
+    "@formatjs/intl-localematcher": "npm:0.6.2"
+    decimal.js: "npm:^10.4.3"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/63be2a73d3168bf45ab5d50db58376e852db5652d89511ae6e44f1fa03ad96ebbfe9b06a1dfaa743db06e40eb7f33bd77530b9388289855cca79a0e3fc29eacf
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0":
   version: 3.2.0
   resolution: "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0"
@@ -1244,6 +1274,15 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:2.2.7":
+  version: 2.2.7
+  resolution: "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:2.2.7"
+  dependencies:
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/f5eabb0e4ab7162297df8252b4cfde194b23248120d9df267592eae2be2d2f7c4f670b5a70523d91b4ecdc35d40e65823bb8eeba8dd79fbf8601a972bf3b8866
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1":
   version: 3.1.1
   resolution: "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1"
@@ -1251,6 +1290,17 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:2.11.4":
+  version: 2.11.4
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:2.11.4"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser": "npm:1.8.16"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/3ea9e9dae18282881d19a5f88107b6013f514ec8675684ed2c04bee2a174032377858937243e3bd9c9263a470988a3773a53bf8d208a34a78e7843ce66f87f3b
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3":
   version: 3.5.3
   resolution: "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3"
@@ -1261,6 +1311,16 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:1.8.16":
+  version: 1.8.16
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:1.8.16"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/6fa1586dc11c925cd8d17e927cc635d238c969a6b7e97282a924376f78622fc25336c407589d19796fb6f8124a0e7765f99ecdb1aac014edcfbe852e7c3d87f3
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3":
   version: 2.1.3
   resolution: "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3"
@@ -1270,6 +1330,15 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.6.2":
+  version: 0.6.2
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.6.2"
+  dependencies:
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
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+    cli-progress: "npm:^3.10.0"
+    debug: "npm:^4.3.4"
+    ejs: "npm:^3.1.6"
+    fs-extra: "npm:^9.1.0"
+    get-package-type: "npm:^0.1.0"
+    globby: "npm:^11.1.0"
+    hyperlinker: "npm:^1.0.0"
+    indent-string: "npm:^4.0.0"
+    is-wsl: "npm:^2.2.0"
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+    natural-orderby: "npm:^2.0.3"
+    object-treeify: "npm:^1.1.33"
+    password-prompt: "npm:^1.1.2"
+    semver: "npm:^7.3.7"
+    string-width: "npm:^4.2.3"
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+    angular-html-parser: "npm:^1.8.0"
+    axios: "npm:^1.6.5"
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+    glob: "npm:^8.1.0"
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+    "@vue/shared": "npm:3.5.31"
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+
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+
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+  languageName: node
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+
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+  languageName: node
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+  languageName: node
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+  resolution: "axios@npm:1.13.6"
+  dependencies:
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+    form-data: "npm:^4.0.5"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  resolution: "babel-walk@npm:3.0.0-canary-5"
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+  languageName: node
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+  resolution: "cardinal@npm:2.1.1"
+  dependencies:
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+    redeyed: "npm:~2.1.0"
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "chai@npm:6.2.2"
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+  resolution: "character-parser@npm:2.2.0"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "chardet@npm:2.1.1"
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+  resolution: "charenc@npm:0.0.2"
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+
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+  resolution: "clean-stack@npm:3.0.1"
+  dependencies:
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+  resolution: "cli-progress@npm:3.12.0"
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+
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+  resolution: "combined-stream@npm:1.0.8"
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+
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+  resolution: "constantinople@npm:4.0.1"
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-"cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.0, cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.5, cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.6":
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+  languageName: node
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   resolution: "crypto-js@npm:4.2.0"
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+  resolution: "delayed-stream@npm:1.0.0"
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   resolution: "dequal@npm:2.0.3"
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+"doctypes@npm:^1.1.0":
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+  resolution: "doctypes@npm:1.1.0"
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+  languageName: node
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   resolution: "dompurify@npm:3.3.0"
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+  resolution: "ejs@npm:3.1.10"
+  dependencies:
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+  bin:
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+
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   resolution: "electron-to-chromium@npm:1.5.84"
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+  resolution: "es-set-tostringtag@npm:2.1.0"
+  dependencies:
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+    get-intrinsic: "npm:^1.2.6"
+    has-tostringtag: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/ef2ca9ce49afe3931cb32e35da4dcb6d86ab02592cfc2ce3e49ced199d9d0bb5085fc7e73e06312213765f5efa47cc1df553a6a5154584b21448e9fb8355b1af
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "esbuild@npm:0.27.3"
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   bin:
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+  resolution: "filelist@npm:1.0.6"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "fill-range@npm:7.1.1"
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+  resolution: "follow-redirects@npm:1.15.11"
+  peerDependenciesMeta:
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "foreground-child@npm:3.3.0"
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+  version: 4.0.5
+  resolution: "form-data@npm:4.0.5"
+  dependencies:
+    asynckit: "npm:^0.4.0"
+    combined-stream: "npm:^1.0.8"
+    es-set-tostringtag: "npm:^2.1.0"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+    mime-types: "npm:^2.1.12"
+  checksum: 10c0/dd6b767ee0bbd6d84039db12a0fa5a2028160ffbfaba1800695713b46ae974a5f6e08b3356c3195137f8530dcd9dfcb5d5ae1eeff53d0db1e5aad863b619ce3b
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "fs-extra@npm:7.0.1"
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+"fs-extra@npm:^9.1.0":
+  version: 9.1.0
+  resolution: "fs-extra@npm:9.1.0"
+  dependencies:
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+    graceful-fs: "npm:^4.2.0"
+    jsonfile: "npm:^6.0.1"
+    universalify: "npm:^2.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/9b808bd884beff5cb940773018179a6b94a966381d005479f00adda6b44e5e3d4abf765135773d849cc27efe68c349e4a7b86acd7d3306d5932c14f3a4b17a92
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "fs-extra@npm:11.3.0"
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+"fs.realpath@npm:^1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "fs.realpath@npm:1.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/444cf1291d997165dfd4c0d58b69f0e4782bfd9149fd72faa4fe299e68e0e93d6db941660b37dd29153bf7186672ececa3b50b7e7249477b03fdf850f287c948
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "fsevents@npm:2.3.2"
@@ -4844,6 +5311,13 @@ __metadata:
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+"get-package-type@npm:^0.1.0":
+  version: 0.1.0
+  resolution: "get-package-type@npm:0.1.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/e34cdf447fdf1902a1f6d5af737eaadf606d2ee3518287abde8910e04159368c268568174b2e71102b87b26c2020486f126bfca9c4fb1ceb986ff99b52ecd1be
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "get-proto@npm:1.0.1"
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-"globby@npm:^11.0.0":
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+  version: 8.1.0
+  resolution: "glob@npm:8.1.0"
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath: "npm:^1.0.0"
+    inflight: "npm:^1.0.4"
+    inherits: "npm:2"
+    minimatch: "npm:^5.0.1"
+    once: "npm:^1.3.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/cb0b5cab17a59c57299376abe5646c7070f8acb89df5595b492dba3bfb43d301a46c01e5695f01154e6553168207cb60d4eaf07d3be4bc3eb9b0457c5c561d0f
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "globby@npm:11.1.0"
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   languageName: node
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+"has-tostringtag@npm:^1.0.2":
+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "has-tostringtag@npm:1.0.2"
+  dependencies:
+    has-symbols: "npm:^1.0.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/a8b166462192bafe3d9b6e420a1d581d93dd867adb61be223a17a8d6dad147aa77a8be32c961bb2f27b3ef893cae8d36f564ab651f5e9b7938ae86f74027c48c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "hasown@npm:2.0.2"
@@ -5061,6 +5557,13 @@ __metadata:
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+"hyperlinker@npm:^1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "hyperlinker@npm:1.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/7b980f51611fb5efb62ad5aa3a8af9305b7fb0c203eb9d8915e24e96cdb43c5a4121e2d461bfd74cf47d4e01e39ce473700ea0e2353cb1f71758f94be37a44b0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "iconv-lite@npm:0.6.3"
@@ -5123,6 +5626,30 @@ __metadata:
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+  version: 4.0.0
+  resolution: "indent-string@npm:4.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/1e1904ddb0cb3d6cce7cd09e27a90184908b7a5d5c21b92e232c93579d314f0b83c246ffb035493d0504b1e9147ba2c9b21df0030f48673fba0496ecd698161f
+  languageName: node
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+
+"inflight@npm:^1.0.4":
+  version: 1.0.6
+  resolution: "inflight@npm:1.0.6"
+  dependencies:
+    once: "npm:^1.3.0"
+    wrappy: "npm:1"
+  checksum: 10c0/7faca22584600a9dc5b9fca2cd5feb7135ac8c935449837b315676b4c90aa4f391ec4f42240178244b5a34e8bede1948627fda392ca3191522fc46b34e985ab2
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  version: 2.0.4
+  resolution: "inherits@npm:2.0.4"
+  checksum: 10c0/4e531f648b29039fb7426fb94075e6545faa1eb9fe83c29f0b6d9e7263aceb4289d2d4557db0d428188eeb449cc7c5e77b0a0b2c4e248ff2a65933a0dee49ef2
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   version: 1.3.8
   resolution: "ini@npm:1.3.8"
@@ -5141,6 +5668,18 @@ __metadata:
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   linkType: hard
 
+"intl-messageformat@npm:^10.5.14":
+  version: 10.7.18
+  resolution: "intl-messageformat@npm:10.7.18"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:2.2.7"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:2.11.4"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/d54da9987335cb2bca26246304cea2ca6b1cb44ca416d6b28f3aa62b11477c72f7ce0bf3f11f5d236ceb1842bdc3378a926e606496d146fde18783ec92c314e1
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "ip-address@npm:10.0.1"
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-"is-core-module@npm:^2.16.0":
+"is-buffer@npm:~1.1.6":
+  version: 1.1.6
+  resolution: "is-buffer@npm:1.1.6"
+  checksum: 10c0/ae18aa0b6e113d6c490ad1db5e8df9bdb57758382b313f5a22c9c61084875c6396d50bbf49315f5b1926d142d74dfb8d31b40d993a383e0a158b15fea7a82234
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "is-core-module@npm:2.16.1"
   dependencies:
@@ -5166,6 +5712,25 @@ __metadata:
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+"is-docker@npm:^2.0.0":
+  version: 2.2.1
+  resolution: "is-docker@npm:2.2.1"
+  bin:
+    is-docker: cli.js
+  checksum: 10c0/e828365958d155f90c409cdbe958f64051d99e8aedc2c8c4cd7c89dcf35329daed42f7b99346f7828df013e27deb8f721cf9408ba878c76eb9e8290235fbcdcc
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"is-expression@npm:^4.0.0":
+  version: 4.0.0
+  resolution: "is-expression@npm:4.0.0"
+  dependencies:
+    acorn: "npm:^7.1.1"
+    object-assign: "npm:^4.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/541831d39d3e7bfc8cecd966d6b0f3c0e6d9055342f17b634fb23e74f51ce90f1bfc3cf231c722fe003a61e8d4f0b9e07244fdaba57f4fc70a163c74006fd5a0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "is-extglob@npm:2.1.1"
@@ -5203,6 +5768,25 @@ __metadata:
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+"is-promise@npm:^2.0.0":
+  version: 2.2.2
+  resolution: "is-promise@npm:2.2.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/2dba959812380e45b3df0fb12e7cb4d4528c989c7abb03ececb1d1fd6ab1cbfee956ca9daa587b9db1d8ac3c1e5738cf217bdb3dfd99df8c691be4c00ae09069
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"is-regex@npm:^1.0.3":
+  version: 1.2.1
+  resolution: "is-regex@npm:1.2.1"
+  dependencies:
+    call-bound: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    gopd: "npm:^1.2.0"
+    has-tostringtag: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/1d3715d2b7889932349241680032e85d0b492cfcb045acb75ffc2c3085e8d561184f1f7e84b6f8321935b4aea39bc9c6ba74ed595b57ce4881a51dfdbc214e04
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "is-subdir@npm:^1.1.1":
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   resolution: "is-subdir@npm:1.2.0"
@@ -5219,6 +5803,15 @@ __metadata:
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+"is-wsl@npm:^2.2.0":
+  version: 2.2.0
+  resolution: "is-wsl@npm:2.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    is-docker: "npm:^2.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/a6fa2d370d21be487c0165c7a440d567274fbba1a817f2f0bfa41cc5e3af25041d84267baa22df66696956038a43973e72fca117918c91431920bdef490fa25e
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "isexe@npm:2.0.0"
@@ -5246,6 +5839,19 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
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+"jake@npm:^10.8.5":
+  version: 10.9.4
+  resolution: "jake@npm:10.9.4"
+  dependencies:
+    async: "npm:^3.2.6"
+    filelist: "npm:^1.0.4"
+    picocolors: "npm:^1.1.1"
+  bin:
+    jake: bin/cli.js
+  checksum: 10c0/bb52f000340d4a32f1a3893b9abe56ef2b77c25da4dbf2c0c874a8159d082dddda50a5ad10e26060198bd645b928ba8dba3b362710f46a247e335321188c5a9c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "jju@npm:1.4.0"
@@ -5277,6 +5883,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
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+"js-stringify@npm:^1.0.2":
+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "js-stringify@npm:1.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/a450c04fde3a7e1c27f1c3c4300433f8d79322f9e3c2e76266843cef8c0b5a69b5f11b5f173212b2f15f2df09e068ef7ddf46ef775e2486f3006a6f4e912578d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "js-tokens@npm:4.0.0"
@@ -5296,6 +5909,18 @@ __metadata:
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+"js-yaml@npm:^3.14.1":
+  version: 3.14.2
+  resolution: "js-yaml@npm:3.14.2"
+  dependencies:
+    argparse: "npm:^1.0.7"
+    esprima: "npm:^4.0.0"
+  bin:
+    js-yaml: bin/js-yaml.js
+  checksum: 10c0/3261f25912f5dd76605e5993d0a126c2b6c346311885d3c483706cd722efe34f697ea0331f654ce27c00a42b426e524518ec89d65ed02ea47df8ad26dcc8ce69
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "jsdoc-type-pratt-parser@npm:7.1.1"
@@ -5414,6 +6039,16 @@ __metadata:
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+"jstransformer@npm:1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "jstransformer@npm:1.0.0"
+  dependencies:
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+    promise: "npm:^7.0.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/11f9b4f368a55878dd7973154cd83b0adca27f974d21217728652530775b2bec281e92109de66f0c9e37c76af796d5b76b33f3e38363214a83d102d523a7285b
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "keyv@npm:4.5.4"
@@ -5499,6 +6134,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
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+"lodash@npm:^4.17.21":
+  version: 4.17.23
+  resolution: "lodash@npm:4.17.23"
+  checksum: 10c0/1264a90469f5bb95d4739c43eb6277d15b6d9e186df4ac68c3620443160fc669e2f14c11e7d8b2ccf078b81d06147c01a8ccced9aab9f9f63d50dcf8cace6bf6
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "lru-cache@npm:10.4.3"
@@ -5615,6 +6257,17 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
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+"md5@npm:^2.3.0":
+  version: 2.3.0
+  resolution: "md5@npm:2.3.0"
+  dependencies:
+    charenc: "npm:0.0.2"
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+    pug-load: "npm:^3.0.0"
+    pug-parser: "npm:^6.0.0"
+    pug-runtime: "npm:^3.0.1"
+    pug-strip-comments: "npm:^2.0.0"
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+  resolution: "redeyed@npm:2.1.1"
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+
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   resolution: "regenerator-runtime@npm:0.14.1"
@@ -7042,6 +7916,19 @@ __metadata:
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   resolution: "resolve@npm:1.22.10"
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+  resolution: "resolve@patch:resolve@npm%3A1.22.11#optional!builtin<compat/resolve>::version=1.22.11&hash=c3c19d"
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+  languageName: node
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+
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     "@tsconfig/node20": "npm:^20.1.8"
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     "@types/eslint-config-prettier": "npm:^6.11.3"
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-  resolution: "semver@npm:7.6.3"
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+  version: 1.14.1
+  resolution: "tslib@npm:1.14.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/69ae09c49eea644bc5ebe1bca4fa4cc2c82b7b3e02f43b84bd891504edf66dbc6b2ec0eef31a957042de2269139e4acff911e6d186a258fb14069cd7f6febce2
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"tslib@npm:^2.4.1, tslib@npm:^2.6.2, tslib@npm:^2.8.0":
   version: 2.8.1
   resolution: "tslib@npm:2.8.1"
   checksum: 10c0/9c4759110a19c53f992d9aae23aac5ced636e99887b51b9e61def52611732872ff7668757d4e4c61f19691e36f4da981cd9485e869b4a7408d689f6bf1f14e62
@@ -7973,6 +8898,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"type-fest@npm:^0.21.3":
+  version: 0.21.3
+  resolution: "type-fest@npm:0.21.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/902bd57bfa30d51d4779b641c2bc403cdf1371fb9c91d3c058b0133694fcfdb817aef07a47f40faf79039eecbaa39ee9d3c532deff244f3a19ce68cea71a61e8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "typedoc@npm:^0.28.17":
   version: 0.28.17
   resolution: "typedoc@npm:0.28.17"
@@ -8368,6 +9300,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"void-elements@npm:^3.1.0":
+  version: 3.1.0
+  resolution: "void-elements@npm:3.1.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/0b8686f9f9aa44012e9bd5eabf287ae0cde409b9a2854c5a2335cb83920c957668ac5876e3f0d158dd424744ac411a7270e64128556b451ed3bec875ef18534d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "vscode-uri@npm:^3.0.8":
   version: 3.0.8
   resolution: "vscode-uri@npm:3.0.8"
@@ -8585,6 +9524,27 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"widest-line@npm:^3.1.0":
+  version: 3.1.0
+  resolution: "widest-line@npm:3.1.0"
+  dependencies:
+    string-width: "npm:^4.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/b1e623adcfb9df35350dd7fc61295d6d4a1eaa65a406ba39c4b8360045b614af95ad10e05abf704936ed022569be438c4bfa02d6d031863c4166a238c301119f
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"with@npm:^7.0.0":
+  version: 7.0.2
+  resolution: "with@npm:7.0.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.9.6"
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.9.6"
+    assert-never: "npm:^1.2.1"
+    babel-walk: "npm:3.0.0-canary-5"
+  checksum: 10c0/99289e49afc4b1776afae0ef85e84cfa775e8e07464d2b9853a31b0822347031d1cf77f287d25adc8c3f81e4fa68f4ee31526a9c95d4981ba08a1fe24dee111a
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "word-wrap@npm:^1.2.5":
   version: 1.2.5
   resolution: "word-wrap@npm:1.2.5"
@@ -8592,7 +9552,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"wrap-ansi-cjs@npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0":
+"wrap-ansi-cjs@npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0, wrap-ansi@npm:^7.0.0":
   version: 7.0.0
   resolution: "wrap-ansi@npm:7.0.0"
   dependencies:
@@ -8614,6 +9574,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"wrappy@npm:1":
+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "wrappy@npm:1.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/56fece1a4018c6a6c8e28fbc88c87e0fbf4ea8fd64fc6c63b18f4acc4bd13e0ad2515189786dd2c30d3eec9663d70f4ecf699330002f8ccb547e4a18231fc9f0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "ws@npm:^8.18.3":
   version: 8.18.3
   resolution: "ws@npm:8.18.3"

From 2c6dcc7adc6e3f6e5ce2255654f2229446db2654 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 02:02:51 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 21/30] feedback part 5: rename translate function

---
 .../src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue  | 10 ++---
 .../web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue   | 17 +++-----
 .../common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue      | 12 +++---
 .../src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue    |  8 ++--
 .../common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue           | 20 ++++-----
 .../src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue    | 16 +++----
 .../common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue           | 16 +++----
 .../src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue | 32 +++++++-------
 .../components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue   |  8 ++--
 .../components/common/map/MapProperties.vue   | 10 ++---
 .../components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue    | 42 +++++++++----------
 .../common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue      | 26 ++++++------
 .../src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts  | 14 +++----
 .../components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue    |  8 ++--
 .../components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue    |  8 ++--
 .../common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue           | 12 +++---
 .../components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue    |  8 ++--
 .../components/form-elements/RankControl.vue  |  8 ++--
 .../form-elements/TriggerControl.vue          |  8 ++--
 .../geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue     | 20 ++++-----
 .../input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue          | 14 +++----
 .../upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue            | 12 +++---
 .../upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue              |  8 ++--
 .../form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue    | 18 ++++----
 .../form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue |  8 ++--
 .../upload/UploadImageHeader.vue              | 14 +++----
 .../upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue              |  8 ++--
 .../components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue | 10 ++---
 .../components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue    |  8 ++--
 .../src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts       |  2 +-
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     | 11 ++---
 31 files changed, 206 insertions(+), 210 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
index 02fea2e05..127a925bc 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/FormLoadFailureDialog.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ interface FormLoadErrorProps {
 }
 
 const props = defineProps<FormLoadErrorProps>();
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 interface FormLoadErrorDetail {
 	readonly stack: string | null;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 	<Dialog
 		class="form-load-failure-dialog"
 		:visible="detail != null"
-		:header="formatMessage({ id: 'form_load_failure_dialog.header.title' })"
+		:header="t('form_load_failure_dialog.header.title')"
 		:closable="false"
 		:draggable="false"
 		:keep-in-viewport="true"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const detail = computed((): FormLoadErrorDetail | null => {
 			</Message>
 
 			<details v-if="detail != null" class="initialize-form-failure-details">
-				<summary>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'form_load_failure_dialog.details.label' }) }}</summary>
+				<summary>{{ t('form_load_failure_dialog.details.label') }}</summary>
 
 				<pre v-if="detail.unknownCauseDetail != null">{{ detail.unknownCauseDetail }}</pre>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
index 175e138e5..e972c873c 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/OdkWebForm.vue
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import FormHeader from '@/components/form-layout/FormHeader.vue';
 import QuestionList from '@/components/form-layout/QuestionList.vue';
 import { waitAllTasksToFinish } from '@/lib/async/event-loop.ts';
 import {
-	FORMAT_MESSAGE,
+	TRANSLATE,
 	FORM_MEDIA_CACHE,
 	FORM_OPTIONS,
 	IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE,
@@ -178,9 +178,7 @@ const getLocation = async (): Promise<string> => {
 	} catch (error) {
 		// eslint-disable-next-line no-console -- Skip silently to match Collect behaviour.
 		console.warn('Error occurred while retrieving background location.', error);
-		geolocationErrorMessage.value = formatMessage({
-			id: 'odk_web_forms.geolocation.error',
-		});
+		geolocationErrorMessage.value = t('odk_web_forms.geolocation.error');
 	}
 
 	floatingErrorActive.value = !!geolocationErrorMessage.value.length;
@@ -203,8 +201,8 @@ const showValidationError = ref(false);
 const geolocationErrorMessage = ref<string | null>(null);
 const isFormEditMode = ref(false);
 provide(IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE, readonly(isFormEditMode));
-const { setLanguage, formatMessage } = useLocale(computed(() => state.value.root));
-provide(FORMAT_MESSAGE, formatMessage);
+const { setLanguage, t } = useLocale(computed(() => state.value.root));
+provide(TRANSLATE, t);
 
 watch(
 	() => state.value,
@@ -254,10 +252,7 @@ provide(SUBMIT_PRESSED, submitPressed);
 const validationErrorMessage = computed(() => {
 	const violationLength = state.value.root?.validationState.violations.length ?? 0;
 	if (violationLength === 0) return '';
-	return formatMessage(
-		{ id: 'odk_web_forms.validation.error' },
-		{ count: violationLength }
-	);
+	return t('odk_web_forms.validation.error', { count: violationLength });
 });
 
 watchEffect(() => {
@@ -335,7 +330,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 			</Card>
 
 			<div class="footer flex justify-content-end flex-wrap gap-3">
-				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
+				<Button :label="t('odk_web_forms.submit.label')" @click="handleSubmit(state)" />
 			</div>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
index ebed5baa3..81f8e7c9d 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import type {
 	GeotraceNoteValue,
 	GeoshapeNoteValue,
 } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import { truncateDecimals } from '@/lib/format/truncate-decimals.ts';
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 	readonly question: GeolocationNode;
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const locationPoints = computed<GeolocationValue>(() => {
 	const points = props.question.currentState.value;
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ const locationPoints = computed<GeolocationValue>(() => {
 <template>
 	<div v-for="(point, index) in locationPoints" :key="index">
 		<p class="geolocation-formatted-value">
-			<span v-if="point?.accuracy != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(point.accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }) }}</span>
-			<span v-if="point?.latitude != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label' }, { latitude: point.latitude }) }}</span>
-			<span v-if="point?.longitude != null">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label' }, { longitude: point.longitude }) }}</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.accuracy != null">{{ t('geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label', { accuracy: truncateDecimals(point.accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }) }}</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.latitude != null">{{ t('geolocation_formatted_value.latitude.label', { latitude: point.latitude }) }}</span>
+			<span v-if="point?.longitude != null">{{ t('geolocation_formatted_value.longitude.label', { longitude: point.longitude }) }}</span>
 		</p>
 	</div>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
index 718f88f48..c71903956 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/AsyncMap.vue
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import type { Mode, SingleFeatureType } from '@/components/common/map/getModeCon
 import type { SelectItem } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import type { Feature } from 'geojson';
 import ProgressSpinner from 'primevue/progressspinner';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, type DefineComponent, inject, onMounted, shallowRef } from 'vue';
 
 type MapBlockComponent = DefineComponent<{
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ interface AsyncMapProps {
 const props = defineProps<AsyncMapProps>();
 const emit = defineEmits(['save']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const STATES = {
 	READY: 'ready',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ onMounted(loadMap);
 	<div class="async-map-container">
 		<div v-if="currentState === STATES.ERROR" class="map-error">
 			<p class="map-error-message">
-				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_async.load_error.message' }) }}
+				{{ t('map_async.load_error.message') }}
 			</p>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
index 4adff8bd6..1f70cd147 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapAdvancedPanel.vue
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ import {
 	toGeoJsonCoordinateArray,
 } from '@/components/common/map/geojson-parsers.ts';
 import { fromLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, inject, ref, watch } from 'vue';
 import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const props = defineProps<{
 	isOpen: boolean;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 			<div class="fields-container">
 				<div :class="{ 'field-error': !disableInputs && !validLongitude }" class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<label for="longitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.longitude.label' }) }}</label>
+						<label for="longitude">{{ t('map_advanced_panel.longitude.label') }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="longitude"
 							v-model="longitude"
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 						>
 					</div>
 					<p class="field-error-message">
-						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.longitude.error' }) }}
+						{{ t('map_advanced_panel.longitude.error') }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 				<div :class="{ 'field-error': !disableInputs && !validLatitude }" class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<label for="latitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.latitude.label' }) }}</label>
+						<label for="latitude">{{ t('map_advanced_panel.latitude.label') }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="latitude"
 							v-model="latitude"
@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 						>
 					</div>
 					<p class="field-error-message">
-						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.latitude.error' }) }}
+						{{ t('map_advanced_panel.latitude.error') }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 				<div class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<label for="altitude">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.altitude.label' }) }}</label>
+						<label for="altitude">{{ t('map_advanced_panel.altitude.label') }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="altitude"
 							v-model="altitude"
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 				</div>
 				<div class="field-set">
 					<div class="input-wrap">
-						<label for="accuracy">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label' }) }}</label>
+						<label for="accuracy">{{ t('map_advanced_panel.accuracy.label') }}</label>
 						<input
 							id="accuracy"
 							v-model="accuracy"
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ const updateVertex = () => {
 
 			<a class="paste-location" @click="emit('open-paste-dialog')">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiFileOutline" size="sm" />
-				<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_advanced_panel.import_data.label' }) }}</strong>
+				<strong>{{ t('map_advanced_panel.import_data.label') }}</strong>
 			</a>
 		</div>
 	</transition>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
index 94b6ade1c..72043f379 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapBlock.vue
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import MapProperties from '@/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue';
 import MapStatusBar from '@/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue';
 import MapUpdateCoordsDialog from '@/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue';
 import { STATES, useMapBlock } from '@/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { Feature, FeatureCollection } from 'geojson';
 import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 import { toLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const showErrorStyle = inject<ComputedRef<boolean>>(
 	QUESTION_HAS_ERROR,
 	computed(() => false)
 );
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const mapHandler = useMapBlock(
 	{ mode: props.mode, singleFeatureType: props.singleFeatureType },
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ const instructionMessage = computed(() => {
 
 	if (mapHandler.canDragFeatureAndVertex()) {
 		return {
-			placed: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed' }),
-			default: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default' }),
+			placed: t('map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.placed'),
+			default: t('map_block.drag_vertex_instruction.default'),
 		};
 	}
 
 	if (mapHandler.canDragFeature()) {
 		return {
-			placed: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_instruction.placed' }),
-			default: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.drag_instruction.default' }),
+			placed: t('map_block.drag_instruction.placed'),
+			default: t('map_block.drag_instruction.default'),
 		};
 	}
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ const toggleFullScreen = () => {
 					</Button>
 					<Button outlined severity="contrast" @click="mapHandler.watchCurrentLocation">
 						<IconSVG name="mdiCrosshairsGps" />
-						<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.get_location.label' }) }}</span>
+						<span>{{ t('map_block.get_location.label') }}</span>
 					</Button>
 				</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
index 949d95938..485d0c8f8 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import {
 	SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES,
 	type SingleFeatureType,
 } from '@/components/common/map/getModeConfig.ts';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import { inject } from 'vue';
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFeature']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -28,21 +28,21 @@ const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<strong v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header' }) }}</strong>
-			<strong v-else>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header' }) }}</strong>
+			<strong v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">{{ t('map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.header') }}</strong>
+			<strong v-else>{{ t('map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.header') }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
 			<p v-if="singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE">
-				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body' }) }}
+				{{ t('map_confirm_dialog.delete_shape.body') }}
 			</p>
 			<p v-else>
-				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body' }) }}
+				{{ t('map_confirm_dialog.delete_trace.body') }}
 			</p>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
+			<Button :label="t('odk_web_forms.delete.label')" @click="emit('deleteFeature')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
index 56d146de9..ef254e97f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapControls.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MapInfoDialog from '@/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, inject, ref } from 'vue';
 
 interface MapAction {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits([
 	'undoLastChange',
 ]);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const MAP_ICONS = {
 	zoomFitAll: 'mdiFullscreen',
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ const MAP_ICONS = {
 const showActionsInfo = ref(false);
 const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 	const actions: MapAction[] = props.isFullScreen
-		? [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.closeFullScreen, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.close_full_screen.description' }) }]
-		: [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openFullScreen, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_full_screen.description' }) }];
+		? [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.closeFullScreen, description: t('map_controls.close_full_screen.description') }]
+		: [{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openFullScreen, description: t('map_controls.open_full_screen.description') }];
 
 	actions.push(
-		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.zoomFitAll, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description' }) },
-		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.currentLocation, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.current_location.description' }) },
+		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.zoomFitAll, description: t('map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description') },
+		{ icon: MAP_ICONS.currentLocation, description: t('map_controls.current_location.description') },
 	);
 
 	if (props.showSecondaryControls) {
 		actions.push(
-			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.undo, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.undo.description' }) },
-			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.delete, description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.delete.description' }) },
-			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openAdvanced, infoClasses: ['mobile-only'], description: formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_advanced.description' }) },
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.undo, description: t('map_controls.undo.description') },
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.delete, description: t('map_controls.delete.description') },
+			{ icon: MAP_ICONS.openAdvanced, infoClasses: ['mobile-only'], description: t('map_controls.open_advanced.description') },
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 	<div class="control-bar" :class="{ 'full-screen-active': isFullScreen }">
 		<div class="control-bar-vertical">
 			<button
-				:aria-label="isFullScreen ? formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.close_full_screen.description' }) : formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_full_screen.description' })"
+				:aria-label="isFullScreen ? t('map_controls.close_full_screen.description') : t('map_controls.open_full_screen.description')"
 				class="fullscreen"
 				@click="emit('toggleFullScreen')"
 			>
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 				<IconSVG v-else :name="MAP_ICONS.openFullScreen" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description' })"
+				:aria-label="t('map_controls.zoom_fit_all.description')"
 				class="zoom-fit-all"
 				:disabled="disableFitAllFeatures"
 				@click="emit('fitAllFeatures')"
@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.zoomFitAll" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.current_location.description' })"
+				:aria-label="t('map_controls.current_location.description')"
 				class="zoom-current-location"
 				@click="emit('watchCurrentLocation')"
 			>
 				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.currentLocation" size="sm" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.open_info.description' })"
+				:aria-label="t('map_controls.open_info.description')"
 				class="info-dialog"
 				@click="showActionsInfo = true"
 			>
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ const processedMapActions = computed<MapAction[]>(() => {
 
 		<div v-if="showSecondaryControls" class="control-bar-horizontal">
 			<button
-				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.delete.description' })"
+				:aria-label="t('map_controls.delete.description')"
 				:disabled="disableDelete"
 				@click="emit('triggerDelete')"
 			>
 				<IconSVG :name="MAP_ICONS.delete" />
 			</button>
 			<button
-				:aria-label="formatMessage({ id: 'map_controls.undo.description' })"
+				:aria-label="t('map_controls.undo.description')"
 				:disabled="disableUndo"
 				@click="emit('undoLastChange')"
 			>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
index 117dc2544..45a578d33 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapInfoDialog.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import { inject } from 'vue';
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_info_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
+			<strong>{{ t('map_info_dialog.header.title') }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
index 0f48baade..2b0e445b0 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapProperties.vue
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import { ODK_VALUE_PROPERTY } from '@/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['close', 'save', 'discard']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const orderedProps = computed(() => {
 	const key = props.reservedProps?.[ODK_VALUE_PROPERTY];
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ const orderedProps = computed(() => {
 		<div class="map-properties-footer">
 			<Button v-if="isSavedFeatureSelected && canRemove" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('discard')">
 				<span>–</span>
-				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_properties.remove_selection.label' }) }}</span>
+				<span>{{ t('map_properties.remove_selection.label') }}</span>
 			</Button>
 			<Button v-if="!isSavedFeatureSelected && canSave" @click="emit('save')">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiCheckboxMarkedCircleOutline" size="sm" variant="inverted" />
-				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_properties.save_selected.label' }) }}</span>
+				<span>{{ t('map_properties.save_selected.label') }}</span>
 			</Button>
 		</div>
 	</div>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
index 8da400068..c3a8a5a6b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapStatusBar.vue
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ import type { Coordinate } from 'ol/coordinate';
 import { toLonLat } from 'ol/proj';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import ProgressSpinner from 'primevue/progressspinner';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 
 interface StatusDetails {
@@ -34,21 +34,21 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['discard', 'toggle-advanced-panel', 'view-details']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const LINE_ICON = 'mdiVectorPolyline';
 const POLYGON_ICON = 'mdiVectorPolygon';
 
 const noSavedStatus = computed<StatusDetails>(() => {
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.TRACE) {
-		return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label' }), icon: LINE_ICON };
+		return { message: t('map_status_bar.no_trace_saved.label'), icon: LINE_ICON };
 	}
 
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.SHAPE) {
-		return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label' }), icon: POLYGON_ICON };
+		return { message: t('map_status_bar.no_shape_saved.label'), icon: POLYGON_ICON };
 	}
 
-	return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label' }), icon: 'mdiMapMarkerOutline' };
+	return { message: t('map_status_bar.no_point_saved.label'), icon: 'mdiMapMarkerOutline' };
 });
 
 const selectedVertexInfo = computed(() => {
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ const selectedVertexInfo = computed(() => {
 
 	const [longitude, latitude, altitude, accuracy] = toLonLat(props.selectedVertex);
 	const parts = [
-		formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label' }, { longitude }),
-		formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label' }, { latitude }),
+		t('map_status_bar.vertex_longitude.label', { longitude }),
+		t('map_status_bar.vertex_latitude.label', { latitude }),
 	];
 
 	if (altitude != null) {
-		parts.push(formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label' }, { altitude }));
+		parts.push(t('map_status_bar.vertex_altitude.label', { altitude }));
 	}
 
 	if (accuracy != null) {
-		parts.push(formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }));
+		parts.push(t('map_status_bar.vertex_accuracy.label', { accuracy: truncateDecimals(accuracy, { decimals: 3 }) }));
 	}
 
 	return parts.join(', ');
@@ -97,18 +97,18 @@ const countPoints = (coords: Position | Position[] | Position[][] | undefined =
 const getSavedMessageForMultiFeature = (type: string) => {
 	const geometryType = type?.toLowerCase();
 	if (geometryType === 'point') {
-		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.point_saved.label' });
+		return t('map_status_bar.point_saved.label');
 	}
 
 	if (geometryType === 'linestring') {
-		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.trace_saved.label' });
+		return t('map_status_bar.trace_saved.label');
 	}
 
 	if (geometryType === 'polygon') {
-		return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.shape_saved.label' });
+		return t('map_status_bar.shape_saved.label');
 	}
 
-	return formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.feature_saved.label' });
+	return t('map_status_bar.feature_saved.label');
 };
 
 const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
 		return null;
 	}
 
-	const message = formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.points_saved.label' }, { count });
+	const message = t('map_status_bar.points_saved.label', { count });
 	if (props.singleFeatureType === SINGLE_FEATURE_TYPES.TRACE) {
 		return { message, icon: LINE_ICON };
 	}
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ const savedStatus = computed<StatusDetails | null>(() => {
 		return { message, icon: POLYGON_ICON };
 	}
 
-	return { message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.point_saved.label' }), icon: 'mdiCheckCircle', highlight: true };
+	return { message: t('map_status_bar.point_saved.label'), icon: 'mdiCheckCircle', highlight: true };
 });
 
 const displayState = computed(() => {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 		<div class="map-status-container">
 			<div v-if="isCapturing" class="map-status">
 				<ProgressSpinner class="map-status-spinner" stroke-width="5px" />
-				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.capturing.label' }) }}</span>
+				<span>{{ t('map_status_bar.capturing.label') }}</span>
 			</div>
 
 			<div v-if="!isCapturing && displayState" class="map-status">
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 			<div v-if="savedStatus" class="map-status-buttons">
 				<Button v-if="canRemove" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('discard')">
 					<span>–</span>
-					<span class="mobile-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.remove.label' }) }}</span>
-					<span class="desktop-only">{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.remove_point.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span class="mobile-only">{{ t('odk_web_forms.remove.label') }}</span>
+					<span class="desktop-only">{{ t('map_status_bar.remove_point.label') }}</span>
 				</Button>
 				<Button v-if="canViewDetails" outlined severity="contrast" @click="emit('view-details')">
-					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.view_details.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span>{{ t('map_status_bar.view_details.label') }}</span>
 				</Button>
 			</div>
 		</div>
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ const displayState = computed(() => {
 			@click="emit('toggle-advanced-panel')"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiCogOutline" />
-			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_status_bar.advanced.label' }) }}</span>
+			<span>{{ t('map_status_bar.advanced.label') }}</span>
 		</Button>
 	</div>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
index 4b26da99d..9300c7dc3 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/MapUpdateCoordsDialog.vue
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import Textarea from 'primevue/textarea';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { inject, ref, watch } from 'vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'save']);
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const pasteValue = ref('');
 const fileInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const parseFileCoordinates = async (file: File): Promise<Geometry | undefined> =
 	try {
 		const text = await file.text();
 		if (!text?.trim()?.length) {
-			setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error' }));
+			setUploadErrorIfBlank(t('map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error'));
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ const parseFileCoordinates = async (file: File): Promise<Geometry | undefined> =
 			return getGeometryFromJSON(text);
 		}
 
-		setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error' }));
+		setUploadErrorIfBlank(t('map_update_coords_dialog.unsupported_file.error'));
 	} catch {
-		setUploadErrorIfBlank(formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error' }));
+		setUploadErrorIfBlank(t('map_update_coords_dialog.parse_failed.error'));
 	}
 };
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ const save = async () => {
 	);
 	isParsing.value = false;
 
-	const errorMessage = formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error' });
+	const errorMessage = t('map_update_coords_dialog.incorrect_geometry.error');
 	if (!coordinates?.length && selectedFile.value) {
 		setUploadErrorIfBlank(errorMessage);
 		return;
@@ -148,15 +148,15 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 		@after-hide="reset"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
+			<strong>{{ t('map_update_coords_dialog.header.title') }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
 			<div class="dialog-field-container">
 				<label for="paste-input">
-					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span>{{ t('map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.label') }}</span>
 					<span class="info-helper">
-						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint' }) }}
+						{{ t('map_update_coords_dialog.paste_data.hint') }}
 					</span>
 				</label>
 				<Textarea
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 			</div>
 
 			<div class="dialog-field-container">
-				<label>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label' }) }}</label>
+				<label>{{ t('map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.label') }}</label>
 				<div v-if="selectedFile" class="file-added-container">
 					<IconSVG name="mdiFileOutline" />
 					<span class="file-name">{{ selectedFile.name }}</span>
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 					@click="openFileChooser"
 				>
 					<IconSVG name="mdiUpload" />
-					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action' }) }}</span>
+					<span>{{ t('map_update_coords_dialog.upload_file.action') }}</span>
 				</Button>
 
 				<input
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ watch(pasteValue, (newVal) => {
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.save.label' })" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
+			<Button :label="t('odk_web_forms.save.label')" :disabled="!selectedFile && !pasteValue.length" @click="save" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
index b55510b1c..eea8f4dc2 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/map/useMapBlock.ts
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ import { fromLonLat, get as getProjection } from 'ol/proj';
 import { OSM } from 'ol/source';
 import VectorSource from 'ol/source/Vector';
 import { shared as iconImageCache } from 'ol/style/IconImageCache';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { inject, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 
 export const STATES = {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ interface MapBlockEvents {
 }
 
 export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
-	const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+	const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 	let mapInstance: Map | undefined;
 	let mapInteractions: UseMapInteractions | undefined;
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
 		if (currentMode.capabilities.canLoadMultiFeatures && !isWebGLAvailable()) {
 			currentState.value = STATES.ERROR;
 			errorMessage.value = {
-				title: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.graphics_error.title' }),
-				message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.graphics_error.message' }),
+				title: t('map_block.graphics_error.title'),
+				message: t('map_block.graphics_error.message'),
 			};
 			return;
 		}
@@ -502,8 +502,8 @@ export function useMapBlock(config: MapBlockConfig, events: MapBlockEvents) {
 			() => {
 				currentState.value = STATES.ERROR;
 				errorMessage.value = {
-					title: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.location_error.title' }),
-					message: formatMessage({ id: 'map_block.location_error.message' }),
+					title: t('map_block.location_error.title'),
+					message: t('map_block.location_error.message'),
 				};
 			}
 		);
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
index 6d4d2e053..22a8b9b23 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/AudioBlock.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
 import { inject, ref } from 'vue';
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ defineProps<{
 	readonly variant?: 'bar' | 'icons';
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const audioRef = ref<HTMLAudioElement | null>(null);
 const isPlaying = ref(false);
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const play = async () => {
 				:title="alt"
 				class="audio-block"
 				@ended="isPlaying = false"
-				@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'audio_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
+				@error="reportError(t('audio_block.load.error', { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
 			/>
 			<template v-if="variant === 'icons'">
 				<IconSVG v-if="isPlaying" name="mdiStopCircleOutline" @click.stop.prevent="stop" />
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
index 65c4cc19a..ffbc73c19 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/ImageBlock.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
 import { computed, inject, ref, triggerRef } from 'vue';
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ defineProps<{
 	readonly alt: string;
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 interface NaturalDimensions {
 	readonly naturalWidth: number;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const setDimensions = (event: Event) => {
 			:alt="alt"
 			class="image-block"
 			@load="setDimensions"
-			@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'image_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl?.href ?? '' }))"
+			@error="reportError(t('image_block.load.error', { file: resourceUrl?.href ?? '' }))"
 		>
 	</MediaBlockBase>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
index 4a657460a..3057acc88 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, FORM_OPTIONS, FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, FORM_OPTIONS, TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import type { FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type {
 	JRResourceURL,
 	JRResourceURLString,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
 	readonly variant?: 'fit-content' | 'full-width' | 'small-fixed';
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const formOptions = inject<FormOptions>(FORM_OPTIONS);
 const mediaCache = inject<Map<JRResourceURLString, ObjectURL>>(FORM_MEDIA_CACHE, new Map());
 const loading = ref<boolean>(true);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const brokenFileSrc = computed(() => {
 
 const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 	if (src?.href == null || formOptions?.fetchFormAttachment == null) {
-		handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.fetch.error' }));
+		handleError(t('media_block.fetch.error'));
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 
 		const response = await formOptions.fetchFormAttachment(src);
 		if (!response.ok || response.status !== 200) {
-			handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.not_found.error' }, { file: src.href } ));
+			handleError(t('media_block.not_found.error', { file: src.href }));
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const loadMedia = async (src?: JRResourceURL): Promise<void> => {
 		mediaCache.set(src.href, url);
 		setMedia(url);
 	} catch {
-		handleError(formatMessage({ id: 'media_block.unknown.error' }, { file: src.href }));
+		handleError(t('media_block.unknown.error', { file: src.href }));
 	}
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
index 1902819b9..2d2bd93a6 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/media/VideoBlock.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import MediaBlockBase from '@/components/common/media/MediaBlockBase.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
 import { inject } from 'vue';
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ defineProps<{
 	readonly alt: string;
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
 			:src="mediaUrl"
 			:title="alt"
 			class="video-block"
-			@error="reportError(formatMessage({ id: 'video_block.load.error' }, { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
+			@error="reportError(t('video_block.load.error', { file: resourceUrl.href ?? '' }))"
 		/>
 	</MediaBlockBase>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
index 7f3623adc..102056d2e 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MarkdownBlock from '@/components/common/MarkdownBlock.vue';
 import ValidationMessage from '@/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue';
 import ControlText from '@/components/form-elements/ControlText.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { TimerID } from '@getodk/common/types/timers.ts';
 import type { RankNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { inject, type Ref } from 'vue';
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ interface HighlightOption {
 	timeoutID: TimerID | null;
 }
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const props = defineProps<RankControlProps>();
 const showOverlay = computed(() => !props.question.currentState.instanceValue.length);
 const disabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 		<div v-if="showOverlay" class="rank-overlay">
 			<button :disabled="disabled" @click="selectDefaultOrder">
 				<IconSVG name="mdiUnfoldMoreHorizontal" size="sm" :variant="disabled ? 'muted' : 'base'" />
-				<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'rank_control.open.label' }) }}</span>
+				<span>{{ t('rank_control.open.label') }}</span>
 			</button>
 		</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
index 853c3586e..88ad1a103 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/TriggerControl.vue
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <script lang="ts" setup>
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { TriggerNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Checkbox from 'primevue/checkbox';
 import { inject } from 'vue';
 import ControlText from './ControlText.vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ question: TriggerNode; style?: string }>();
 defineEmits(['update:modelValue', 'change']);
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ const setValue = (value: boolean) => {
 				@change="$emit('change')"
 			/>
 			<span class="label-text">
-				{{ formatMessage({ id: 'trigger_control.okay.label' }) }}
+				{{ t('trigger_control.okay.label') }}
 			</span>
 		</label>
 	</p>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
index c3003a007..10ba3ae39 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/GeolocationRequestDialog.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import ElapsedTime from '@/components/common/ElapsedTime.vue';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { truncateDecimals } from '@/lib/format/truncate-decimals.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ interface GeolocationRequestDialogProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<GeolocationRequestDialogProps>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const accuracyTruncateOptions = { decimals: 3 };
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 			<div class="geo-dialog-header">
 				<div class="geo-dialog-header-title">
 					<ProgressSpinner class="geo-spinner" stroke-width="4" />
-					<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
+					<strong>{{ t('geolocation_dialog.header.title') }}</strong>
 				</div>
 				<button class="close-icon" @click="cancel()">
 					<IconSVG name="mdiClose" />
@@ -145,14 +145,14 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 
 				<div class="geopoint-information">
 					<strong v-if="accuracy.value != null" class="geo-quality">
-						{{ truncateDecimals(accuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }} m - {{ formatMessage({ id: accuracy.labelMessageId }) }}
+						{{ truncateDecimals(accuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }} m - {{ t(accuracy.labelMessageId) }}
 					</strong>
 					<p v-if="options.accuracyThreshold > 0 && state.geopoint == null">
-						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info' }, { accuracyThreshold: options.accuracyThreshold }) }}
+						{{ t('geolocation_dialog.accuracy_threshold.info', { accuracyThreshold: options.accuracyThreshold }) }}
 					</p>
-					<p>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label' }) }} <ElapsedTime /></p>
+					<p>{{ t('geolocation_dialog.elapsed_time.label') }} <ElapsedTime /></p>
 					<p v-if="previousAccuracy.value">
-						{{ formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info' }, { accuracy: truncateDecimals(previousAccuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }) }}
+						{{ t('geolocation_dialog.previous_accuracy.info', { accuracy: truncateDecimals(previousAccuracy.value, accuracyTruncateOptions) }) }}
 					</p>
 				</div>
 			</div>
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ onBeforeUnmount(cleanup);
 
 		<template #footer>
 			<div class="geo-dialog-footer">
-				<Button text severity="contrast" :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.cancel.label' })" @click="cancel()" />
+				<Button text severity="contrast" :label="t('odk_web_forms.cancel.label')" @click="cancel()" />
 
-				<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'geolocation_dialog.save.label' })" :disabled="accuracy.value == null" @click="save()" />
+				<Button :label="t('geolocation_dialog.save.label')" :disabled="accuracy.value == null" @click="save()" />
 			</div>
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
index 0b1665d87..bec3f6f41 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/geopoint/InputGeopoint.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import GeolocationFormattedValue from '@/components/common/GeolocationFormattedValue.vue';
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE, QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { computed, type ComputedRef, inject, ref } from 'vue';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { GeopointInputNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ interface InputGeopointProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<InputGeopointProps>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const showErrorStyle = inject<ComputedRef<boolean>>(
 	QUESTION_HAS_ERROR,
 	computed(() => false)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 			@click="initiateRequest()"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiMapMarkerOutline" variant="inverted" />
-			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.get_location.label' }) }}</span>
+			<span>{{ t('input_geopoint.get_location.label') }}</span>
 		</Button>
 
 		<div v-if="committedValue != null" class="geopoint-value-container">
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 				<IconSVG v-else class="check-icon" name="mdiCheck" variant="primary" />
 			</div>
 			<div class="geopoint-value">
-				<strong class="geo-quality">{{ formatMessage({ id: committedValueAccuracy.labelMessageId }) }}</strong>
+				<strong class="geo-quality">{{ t(committedValueAccuracy.labelMessageId) }}</strong>
 				<GeolocationFormattedValue :question="question" />
 				<Button
 					v-if="!isDisabled"
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 					@click="initiateRequest()"
 				>
 					<IconSVG name="mdiRefresh" />
-					<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.try_again.label' }) }}</span>
+					<span>{{ t('input_geopoint.try_again.label') }}</span>
 				</Button>
 			</div>
 		</div>
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ const onSave = (saved: GeolocationRequestSuccess) => {
 			class="geopoint-error"
 			:class="{ 'stack-errors': showErrorStyle }"
 		>
-			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.location_error.title' }) }}</strong>&nbsp;<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'input_geopoint.location_error.description' }) }}</span>
+			<strong>{{ t('input_geopoint.location_error.title') }}</strong>&nbsp;<span>{{ t('input_geopoint.location_error.description') }}</span>
 		</div>
 	</div>
 
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
index 578ba7c59..1a082279b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/DeleteConfirmDialog.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Dialog from 'primevue/dialog';
 import { inject } from 'vue';
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ defineProps<{
 	visible: boolean;
 }>();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFile']);
 </script>
 
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['update:visible', 'deleteFile']);
 		@update:visible="emit('update:visible', $event)"
 	>
 		<template #header>
-			<strong>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.header.title' }) }}</strong>
+			<strong>{{ t('upload_delete_dialog.header.title') }}</strong>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #default>
-			<p>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_delete_dialog.body.message' }) }}</p>
+			<p>{{ t('upload_delete_dialog.body.message') }}</p>
 		</template>
 
 		<template #footer>
-			<Button :label="formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.delete.label' })" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
+			<Button :label="t('odk_web_forms.delete.label')" @click="emit('deleteFile')" />
 		</template>
 	</Dialog>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
index d25bf97a4..5654ebd7b 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadAudioHeader.vue
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
 import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const selectAudioInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectAudioInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiFileMusic" variant="inverted" />
-		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
+		<span>{{ t('upload_control.choose_file.label') }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectAudioInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
index fe9c5d0da..4c0c2b133 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadControl.vue
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import ControlText from '@/components/form-elements/ControlText.vue';
-import { FORM_OPTIONS, FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { FORM_OPTIONS, TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import type { FormOptions } from '@/lib/init/load-form-state';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import Message from 'primevue/message';
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export interface UploadControlProps {
 
 const props = defineProps<UploadControlProps>();
 const formOptions = inject<FormOptions>(FORM_OPTIONS);
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const isDisabled = computed(() => props.question.currentState.readonly === true);
 const fileName = computed(() => props.question.currentState.value?.name ?? '');
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const objectURL = computed((previous: ObjectURL | null = null) => {
 
 const validateFile = (file: File) => {
 	if (file.size > maxFileSize.value) {
-		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.file_too_large.error' });
+		fileError.value = t('upload_control.file_too_large.error');
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ const validateFile = (file: File) => {
 	}
 
 	if (mediaType.value === 'image') {
-		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_image.error' });
+		fileError.value = t('upload_control.must_be_image.error');
 	} else if (mediaType.value === 'video') {
-		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_video.error' });
+		fileError.value = t('upload_control.must_be_video.error');
 	} else if (mediaType.value === 'audio') {
-		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.must_be_audio.error' });
+		fileError.value = t('upload_control.must_be_audio.error');
 	} else {
-		fileError.value = formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.invalid_file_type.error' });
+		fileError.value = t('upload_control.invalid_file_type.error');
 	}
 
 	return false;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ const onDrop = (event: DragEvent) => {
 					{{ fileError }}
 				</Message>
 				<div v-else class="placeholder">
-					{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder' }) }}
+					{{ t('upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder') }}
 				</div>
 			</div>
 		</template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
index 5040b091e..f48425dd8 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadFileHeader.vue
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
 import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const selectFileInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectFileInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiPaperclip" variant="inverted" />
-		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
+		<span>{{ t('upload_control.choose_file.label') }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectFileInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
index 84e1cb575..9dcd83008 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadImageHeader.vue
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import { resize } from '@/lib/services/resizeImage';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
-import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref, inject } from 'vue';
-import { ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
+import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 
 const IS_CAPTURE_SUPPORTED = (() => {
 	const input = document.createElement('input');
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const IS_CAPTURE_SUPPORTED = (() => {
 	return 'capture' in input;
 })();
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const selectImageInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 const takePictureInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 			@click="triggerInputField(takePictureInput)"
 		>
 			<IconSVG name="mdiCamera" variant="inverted" />
-			<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image_header.take_picture.label' }) }}</span>
+			<span>{{ t('upload_image_header.take_picture.label') }}</span>
 		</Button>
 
 		<input
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectImageInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiImage" variant="inverted" />
-		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_image_header.choose_image.label' }) }}</span>
+		<span>{{ t('upload_image_header.choose_image.label') }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectImageInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
index 79641144b..d339b2a3a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/upload/UploadVideoHeader.vue
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { UploadNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import type { HTMLInputElementEvent, Ref } from 'vue';
 import { inject, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 
 const selectVideoInput = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null);
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
 		@click="triggerInputField(selectVideoInput)"
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiFileVideo" variant="inverted" />
-		<span>{{ formatMessage({ id: 'upload_control.choose_file.label' }) }}</span>
+		<span>{{ t('upload_control.choose_file.label') }}</span>
 	</Button>
 	<input
 		ref="selectVideoInput"
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
index d7066a8da..ea6512718 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatInstance.vue
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { GeneralChildNode, GroupNode, RepeatInstanceNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { type MenuItem } from 'primevue/menuitem';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import FormPanel from './FormPanel.vue';
 import QuestionList from './QuestionList.vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ instance: RepeatInstanceNode; instanceIndex: number }>();
 
 const isGroup = (child: GeneralChildNode | undefined) => {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const label = computed(() => {
 		return { formatted: parentLabel.formatted };
 	}
 
-	return { literal: formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.instance.placeholder' }), };
+	return { literal: t('repeat.instance.placeholder') };
 });
 
 const children = computed(() => {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const menuItems = computed((): MenuItem[] | undefined => {
 
 	return [
 		{
-			label: formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.remove.label' }),
+			label: t('odk_web_forms.remove.label'),
 			icon: 'icon-delete',
 			command: () => {
 				return parent.removeInstances(props.instanceIndex);
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
index af6b1f8d1..159e0ee88 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.vue
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import IconSVG from '@/components/common/IconSVG.vue';
 import MarkdownBlock from '@/components/common/MarkdownBlock.vue';
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { FormatMessage } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
 import type { RepeatRangeNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import Button from 'primevue/button';
 import { computed, inject } from 'vue';
 import RepeatInstance from './RepeatInstance.vue';
 
-const formatMessage: FormatMessage = inject(FORMAT_MESSAGE)!;
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const props = defineProps<{ node: RepeatRangeNode }>();
 const label = computed(() => props.node.currentState.label?.formatted);
 </script>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ const label = computed(() => props.node.currentState.label?.formatted);
 	>
 		<IconSVG name="mdiPlus" />
 		<span>
-			{{ formatMessage({ id: 'repeat.add.label' }) }}
+			{{ t('repeat.add.label') }}
 			<MarkdownBlock v-for="elem in label" :key="elem.id" :elem="elem" />
 		</span>
 	</Button>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
index 2952fad6f..2115a6ae8 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ export const SUBMIT_PRESSED = Symbol('formSubmitPressed');
 export const IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE = Symbol('isFormEditMode');
 export const FORM_OPTIONS = Symbol('formOptions');
 export const FORM_MEDIA_CACHE = Symbol('formMediaAttachmentCache');
-export const FORMAT_MESSAGE = Symbol('formatMessage');
+export const TRANSLATE = Symbol('translate');
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index b97d17045..b925b1e15 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createIntl, type IntlShape } from '@formatjs/intl';
+import { createIntl, type PrimitiveType } from '@formatjs/intl';
 import type { FormLanguage, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { all as primeLocales } from 'primelocale';
 import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { computed, onUnmounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 // English strings always available as language fallback
 import enRaw from '@locales/strings_en.json';
 
-export type FormatMessage = IntlShape['formatMessage'];
+export type Translate = (id: string, values?: Record<string, PrimitiveType>) => string;
 type TransifexTranslation = Record<string, string | { string: string }>;
 type ICUMessage = Record<string, string>;
 
@@ -209,8 +209,9 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		document.documentElement.lang = FALLBACK;
 	});
 
-	const formatMessage = (...args: Parameters<FormatMessage>) =>
-		currentIntl.value.formatMessage(...args) as string;
+	const t: Translate = (id, values) => {
+		return currentIntl.value.formatMessage({ id }, values) as string;
+	};
 
-	return { setLanguage, formatMessage };
+	return { setLanguage, t };
 };

From 8d681873680821eb175aef795ed8efa851e3aafc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 02:25:39 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 22/30] fixes unit tests

---
 packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js         | 2 +-
 packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts           | 9 ++++-----
 .../tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts     | 2 +-
 packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts                      | 4 ++--
 packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts    | 4 ++--
 5 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
index 35f5bd31e..91fa2d39f 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
+++ b/packages/web-forms/scripts/merge-translations.js
@@ -77,6 +77,6 @@ if (process.argv[1] === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
 } else {
 	console.warn(
 		`[Warning] The ${fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)} was imported as a module.\n` +
-		`This script is designed to run as a standalone CLI tool.`
+			`This script is designed to run as a standalone CLI tool.`
 	);
 }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index b925b1e15..0bf961293 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createIntl, type PrimitiveType } from '@formatjs/intl';
+import { createIntl, type IntlShape } from '@formatjs/intl';
 import type { FormLanguage, RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { all as primeLocales } from 'primelocale';
 import { usePrimeVue } from 'primevue/config';
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import { computed, onUnmounted, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 // English strings always available as language fallback
 import enRaw from '@locales/strings_en.json';
 
-export type Translate = (id: string, values?: Record<string, PrimitiveType>) => string;
+export type TranslateValues = NonNullable<Parameters<IntlShape['formatMessage']>[1]>;
+export type Translate = (id: string, values?: TranslateValues) => string;
 type TransifexTranslation = Record<string, string | { string: string }>;
 type ICUMessage = Record<string, string>;
 
@@ -209,9 +210,7 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		document.documentElement.lang = FALLBACK;
 	});
 
-	const t: Translate = (id, values) => {
-		return currentIntl.value.formatMessage({ id }, values) as string;
-	};
+	const t: Translate = (id, values) => currentIntl.value.formatMessage({ id }, values) as string;
 
 	return { setLanguage, t };
 };
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
index 6a3d9cb1b..585dd8c12 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-layout/RepeatRange.test.ts
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('RepeatRange', () => {
 
 		await component.find('.button-menu').trigger('click');
 
-		await component.find('li[aria-label="repeat.remove.label"] a').trigger('click');
+		await component.find('li[aria-label="odk_web_forms.remove.label"] a').trigger('click');
 
 		expect(component.findAllComponents(RepeatInstance).length).toBe(0);
 	});
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
index 7d746ad51..dcfaaff41 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/helpers.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { FORMAT_MESSAGE, SUBMIT_PRESSED } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import { TRANSLATE, SUBMIT_PRESSED } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
 import { xformFixturesByIdentifier } from '@getodk/common/fixtures/xforms.ts';
 import type { AnyFunction } from '@getodk/common/types/helpers.d.ts';
 import type { RootNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export const globalMountOptions: GlobalMountOptions = {
 	plugins: [[PrimeVue, { theme: { preset: odkThemePreset } }]],
 	provide: {
 		[SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(false),
-		[FORMAT_MESSAGE]: (descriptor: { id?: string }) => descriptor.id ?? '',
+		[TRANSLATE]: (id: string) => id,
 	},
 	stubs: {
 		teleport: true,
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
index 8b3265867..7a49678c5 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 
 			await flushPromises();
 
-			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+			expect(getLocale().t('odk_web_forms.submit.label')).toBe('Send');
 			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('en-ZZ');
 		});
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 
 			await flushPromises();
 
-			expect(getLocale().formatMessage({ id: 'odk_web_forms.submit.label' })).toBe('Send');
+			expect(getLocale().t('odk_web_forms.submit.label')).toBe('Send');
 		});
 	});
 

From c49a97f950fdbf5a60375168f9f7f2de99578941 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 18:39:12 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 23/30] feedback part 6: regional locales

---
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     | 72 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index 0bf961293..400a9fcb6 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -56,24 +56,19 @@ const loadMessages = async (locale: string): Promise<ICUMessage> => {
 
 const baseLanguage = (code: string): string => code.split('-')[0] ?? code;
 
-/**
- * Resolves what is available for a requested locale: exact match → base language → English.
- * Preference/priority (which locale to request in the first place) is handled upstream by resolveUILocale.
- */
-const findAvailableLocale = (locale: string, isAvailable: (l: string) => boolean): string => {
-	if (locale === FALLBACK) {
-		return FALLBACK;
-	}
-
-	if (isAvailable(locale)) {
-		return locale;
+const findBestLocale = (candidates: string[], isAvailable: (l: string) => boolean): string => {
+	for (const candidate of candidates) {
+		if (isAvailable(candidate)) {
+			return candidate;
+		}
 	}
-
-	const base = baseLanguage(locale);
-	if (base !== locale && isAvailable(base)) {
-		return base;
+	// Regional language falls back to base ("en") if no exact match was found.
+	for (const candidate of candidates) {
+		const base = baseLanguage(candidate);
+		if (base !== candidate && isAvailable(base)) {
+			return base;
+		}
 	}
-
 	return FALLBACK;
 };
 
@@ -93,10 +88,22 @@ const findFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[], localeCode: string | null |
 	});
 };
 
-const resolveUILocale = (formLanguage?: FormLanguage) => {
-	return (
-		formLanguage?.locale?.baseName ?? navigator.languages?.[0] ?? navigator.language ?? FALLBACK
-	);
+/**
+ * Returns an ordered list of locale candidates for the UI (PrimeVue, messages).
+ * When a form language is provided (e.g. "en"), browser languages that share the same base are prepended
+ * so regional date formats are preferred. If no form language is given, the full browser list is used.
+ */
+const resolveUILocaleCandidates = (formLanguage?: FormLanguage): string[] => {
+	const browserLanguages = Array.from(navigator.languages ?? [navigator.language]);
+	const formLocale = formLanguage?.locale?.baseName;
+
+	if (formLocale?.length) {
+		const formBase = baseLanguage(formLocale);
+		const sameBaseLocales = browserLanguages.filter((lang) => baseLanguage(lang) === formBase);
+		return [...new Set([...sameBaseLocales, formLocale])];
+	}
+
+	return [...new Set([...browserLanguages, FALLBACK])];
 };
 
 const findBrowserFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
@@ -150,11 +157,14 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		applyLocale(resolveUILocale(formLanguage));
+		const candidateLocales = resolveUILocaleCandidates(formLanguage);
+		const formBaseLocale = formLanguage.locale?.baseName;
+		applyLocale(candidateLocales, formBaseLocale);
 		formRef.value?.setLanguage(formLanguage);
-		if (formLanguage.locale?.baseName?.length) {
+
+		if (formBaseLocale?.length) {
 			try {
-				localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, formLanguage.locale.baseName);
+				localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, formBaseLocale);
 			} catch (error) {
 				// eslint-disable-next-line no-console
 				console.warn("Failed to save the user's locale preference to localStorage:", error);
@@ -162,11 +172,11 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 		}
 	};
 
-	const applyLocale = (newLocale: string) => {
-		latestRequestedLocale.locale = newLocale;
-		document.documentElement.lang = newLocale;
-
-		const primeLocaleKey = findAvailableLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
+	const applyLocale = (candidates: string[], formBaseLocale?: string) => {
+		const newContentLocale = formBaseLocale ?? FALLBACK;
+		document.documentElement.lang = newContentLocale;
+		latestRequestedLocale.locale = newContentLocale;
+		const primeLocaleKey = findBestLocale(candidates, (lang) => {
 			return Object.hasOwn(primeLocales, lang);
 		});
 		const primeLocale = primeLocales[primeLocaleKey as keyof typeof primeLocales];
@@ -174,11 +184,11 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 			primevue.config.locale = { ...primevue.config.locale, ...primeLocale };
 		}
 
-		const messagesLocale = findAvailableLocale(newLocale, (lang) => {
+		const messagesLocale = findBestLocale(candidates, (lang) => {
 			return Object.hasOwn(availableTranslations, `/locales/strings_${lang}.json`);
 		});
 		void loadMessages(messagesLocale).then((messages) => {
-			if (latestRequestedLocale.locale === newLocale) {
+			if (latestRequestedLocale.locale === newContentLocale) {
 				currentIntl.value = createIntl({
 					locale: messagesLocale,
 					messages,
@@ -195,7 +205,7 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 				// No form languages found (loading error or empty form).
 				// Skipping persisted locale: without form context the user can't change language,
 				// the saved preference stays untouched for the next form load.
-				applyLocale(resolveUILocale());
+				applyLocale(resolveUILocaleCandidates());
 				return;
 			}
 			const formLanguage =

From 29a6a19ac6760c20f3ac27dbf618cc4e6e99e1d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 18:56:09 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 24/30] updates documentation

---
 packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
index e7e5a7b0f..cd613649a 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
+++ b/packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ An easy way to remember: **who → where → kind** (which component? which feat
 ```
 
 3. Run `build:translations` to regenerate `locales/strings_en.json`. This also runs automatically as part of the build.
-4. Use the string in the component via `formatMessage({ id: 'my_component.some_feature.label' })`.
+4. Use the string in the component via `t('my_component.some_feature.label')`.
 
 ## Developer comments
 

From 2b290255a5fe489a7f2daf0af30904cd87def1b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Mar 2026 19:06:58 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 25/30] updates spanish translation

---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json | 80 +++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
index 278b66188..74d6749c1 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
@@ -19,6 +19,22 @@
     "string": "Ubicación no disponible. Active el GPS y los permisos del navegador, luego reinicie el formulario para intentarlo de nuevo.",
     "developer_comment": "Error message shown when background geolocation fails."
   },
+  "odk_web_forms.delete.label": {
+    "string": "Eliminar",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a delete action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.cancel.label": {
+    "string": "Cancelar",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a cancel action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.remove.label": {
+    "string": "Quitar",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a remove action button."
+  },
+  "odk_web_forms.save.label": {
+    "string": "Guardar",
+    "developer_comment": "Generic label for a save action button."
+  },
   "geolocation_formatted_value.accuracy.label": {
     "string": "Precisión: {accuracy} m,",
     "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS accuracy in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
@@ -87,10 +103,6 @@
     "string": "¿Está seguro de que desea eliminar toda la linea y comenzar de nuevo?",
     "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting a trace."
   },
-  "map_confirm_dialog.delete.label": {
-    "string": "Eliminar",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms deletion of a shape or trace."
-  },
   "map_advanced_panel.longitude.label": {
     "string": "Longitud",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the longitude input field in the advanced panel."
@@ -199,10 +211,6 @@
     "string": "Obteniendo ubicación...",
     "developer_comment": "Status bar message shown while the device is actively capturing a GPS location."
   },
-  "map_status_bar.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Eliminar",
-    "developer_comment": "Short label for the remove button shown on small screens in the map status bar."
-  },
   "map_status_bar.remove_point.label": {
     "string": "Eliminar punto",
     "developer_comment": "Full label for the remove button shown on larger screens in the map status bar."
@@ -251,10 +259,6 @@
     "string": "Subir archivo",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button that opens the file chooser to upload a GeoJSON file."
   },
-  "map_update_coords_dialog.save.label": {
-    "string": "Guardar",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button that confirms and saves the imported coordinates."
-  },
   "map_update_coords_dialog.file_empty.error": {
     "string": "El archivo está vacío.",
     "developer_comment": "Error shown when the uploaded file contains no content."
@@ -335,10 +339,6 @@
     "string": "Ubicación anterior guardada a los {accuracy} m",
     "developer_comment": "Shows the accuracy of the previously saved location in metres. {accuracy} is the numeric accuracy value."
   },
-  "geolocation_dialog.cancel.label": {
-    "string": "Cancelar",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to cancel the location capture dialog without saving."
-  },
   "geolocation_dialog.save.label": {
     "string": "Guardar ubicación",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to save the currently captured GPS location."
@@ -353,28 +353,60 @@
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.poor.label": {
     "string": "Precisión deficiente",
-    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy exceeds the unacceptable threshold."
+    "developer_comment": "Label shown when the GPS accuracy does not meet the acceptable threshold."
   },
   "geopoint_accuracy.unknown.label": {
     "string": "Precisión desconocida",
     "developer_comment": "Label shown when no GPS accuracy value is available yet."
   },
-  "upload_image.take_picture.label": {
-    "string": "Tomar foto",
+  "upload_image_header.take_picture.label": {
+    "string": "Tomar una foto",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to take a picture using the device's camera."
   },
-  "upload_image.choose.label": {
+  "upload_image_header.choose_image.label": {
     "string": "Seleccionar imagen",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose an image from the device's gallery or file system."
   },
+  "upload_control.choose_file.label": {
+    "string": "Seleccionar archivo",
+    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to choose a file from the device. Used in the audio, video, and generic file upload headers."
+  },
+  "upload_control.drag_and_drop.placeholder": {
+    "string": "Arrastre y suelte los archivos aquí para cargarlos",
+    "developer_comment": "Placeholder text shown in the upload area when no file has been selected."
+  },
+  "upload_control.file_too_large.error": {
+    "string": "El tamaño del archivo seleccionado excede el máximo permitido",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file exceeds the maximum allowed size."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_image.error": {
+    "string": "El archivo seleccionado debe ser una imagen",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an image."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_video.error": {
+    "string": "El archivo seleccionado debe ser un video",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not a video."
+  },
+  "upload_control.must_be_audio.error": {
+    "string": "El archivo seleccionado debe ser un audio",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file is not an audio file."
+  },
+  "upload_control.invalid_file_type.error": {
+    "string": "El tipo de archivo no es válido",
+    "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the selected file does not match the expected media type."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.header.title": {
+    "string": "¿Eliminar el archivo cargado?",
+    "developer_comment": "Title of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
+  "upload_delete_dialog.body.message": {
+    "string": "¿Está seguro de que desea eliminar este archivo?",
+    "developer_comment": "Body text of the confirmation dialog shown before deleting an uploaded file."
+  },
   "repeat.add.label": {
     "string": "Agregar",
     "developer_comment": "Label for the button to add a repeat instance."
   },
-  "repeat.remove.label": {
-    "string": "Eliminar",
-    "developer_comment": "Label for the button to remove a repeat instance."
-  },
   "repeat.instance.placeholder": {
     "string": "Elemento",
     "developer_comment": "Placeholder for the label of a repeat instance."

From 60852f7d46ee7a2e099f6b1b036b2741c6b889d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Mar 2026 21:35:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 26/30] feedback

---
 packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index 400a9fcb6..2325f6732 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -100,10 +100,16 @@ const resolveUILocaleCandidates = (formLanguage?: FormLanguage): string[] => {
 	if (formLocale?.length) {
 		const formBase = baseLanguage(formLocale);
 		const sameBaseLocales = browserLanguages.filter((lang) => baseLanguage(lang) === formBase);
-		return [...new Set([...sameBaseLocales, formLocale])];
+		if (!sameBaseLocales.includes(formLocale)) {
+			sameBaseLocales.push(formLocale);
+		}
+		return sameBaseLocales;
 	}
 
-	return [...new Set([...browserLanguages, FALLBACK])];
+	if (!browserLanguages.includes(FALLBACK)) {
+		browserLanguages.push(FALLBACK);
+	}
+	return browserLanguages;
 };
 
 const findBrowserFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {

From 2a50d0e6013f447dea6ee0803dc44dadcaa66319 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Mar 2026 09:31:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 27/30] fixes merge conflict

---
 yarn.lock | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 9d9cf5288..57cec26dc 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@getodk/common@npm:0.13.0, @getodk/common@workspace:packages/common":
+"@getodk/common@npm:0.14.0, @getodk/common@workspace:packages/common":
   version: 0.0.0-use.local
   resolution: "@getodk/common@workspace:packages/common"
   dependencies:
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ __metadata:
   version: 0.0.0-use.local
   resolution: "@getodk/scenario@workspace:packages/scenario"
   dependencies:
-    "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.20.0"
+    "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.21.0"
     "@js-joda/core": "npm:^5.6.5"
     jsdom: "npm:^27.2.0"
     npm-run-all2: "npm:^8.0.4"
@@ -1428,7 +1428,7 @@ __metadata:
     "@fontsource/hanken-grotesk": "npm:^5.2.8"
     "@fontsource/roboto": "npm:^5.2.9"
     "@formatjs/intl": "npm:^4.1.4"
-    "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.20.0"
+    "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.21.0"
     "@mdi/js": "npm:^7.4.47"
     "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.58.2"
     "@primeuix/themes": "npm:1.0.3"
@@ -1462,13 +1462,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: unknown
   linkType: soft
 
-"@getodk/xforms-engine@npm:0.20.0, @getodk/xforms-engine@workspace:packages/xforms-engine":
+"@getodk/xforms-engine@npm:0.21.0, @getodk/xforms-engine@workspace:packages/xforms-engine":
   version: 0.0.0-use.local
   resolution: "@getodk/xforms-engine@workspace:packages/xforms-engine"
   dependencies:
     "@babel/core": "npm:^7.28.5"
     "@getodk/tree-sitter-xpath": "npm:0.2.2"
-    "@getodk/xpath": "npm:0.10.3"
+    "@getodk/xpath": "npm:0.10.4"
     "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.58.2"
     "@types/papaparse": "npm:^5.5.0"
     babel-plugin-transform-jsbi-to-bigint: "npm:^1.4.2"
@@ -1496,12 +1496,12 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: unknown
   linkType: soft
 
-"@getodk/xpath@npm:0.10.3, @getodk/xpath@workspace:packages/xpath":
+"@getodk/xpath@npm:0.10.4, @getodk/xpath@workspace:packages/xpath":
   version: 0.0.0-use.local
   resolution: "@getodk/xpath@workspace:packages/xpath"
   dependencies:
     "@babel/core": "npm:^7.28.5"
-    "@getodk/common": "npm:0.13.0"
+    "@getodk/common": "npm:0.14.0"
     "@getodk/tree-sitter-xpath": "npm:0.2.2"
     "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.58.2"
     "@types/crypto-js": "npm:^4.2.2"

From 6899aaa9339b72c5f9599ca40ca6f98a1ffa5a08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 2026 21:14:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 28/30] updates the Transifex project name

---
 .tx/config | 2 +-
 README.md  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.tx/config b/.tx/config
index 44ebbb061..4b61b8edd 100755
--- a/.tx/config
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [main]
 host = https://app.transifex.com
 
-[o:getodk:p:odk-web-forms:r:strings]
+[o:getodk:p:web_forms:r:strings]
 file_filter  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_<lang>.json
 source_file  = packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
 source_lang  = en
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ac38525a6..be5019175 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ Thank you for contributing! Follow these guidelines for smooth collaboration.
 
 ### Translations
 
-Translations are managed on Transifex. Translators can contribute at: https://app.transifex.com/getodk/odk-web-forms
+Translations are managed on Transifex. Translators can contribute at: https://app.transifex.com/getodk/web_forms
 
 For developers, see [TRANSLATIONS.md](./packages/web-forms/TRANSLATIONS.md) for details on how UI strings are managed and how to add or update translations.
 

From e813a7a7fe178962a771288ce267323c961274ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: latin-panda <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 2026 21:17:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 29/30] fix merge conflict

---
 yarn.lock | 1137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 1097 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 0375a6a21..01c4206eb 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -400,6 +400,17 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@babel/parser@npm:^7.23.6, @babel/parser@npm:^7.6.0, @babel/parser@npm:^7.9.6":
+  version: 7.29.2
+  resolution: "@babel/parser@npm:7.29.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
+  bin:
+    parser: ./bin/babel-parser.js
+  checksum: 10c0/e5a4e69e3ac7acdde995f37cf299a68458cfe7009dff66bd0962fd04920bef287201169006af365af479c08ff216bfefbb595e331f87f6ae7283858aebbc3317
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@babel/parser@npm:^7.25.3":
   version: 7.26.5
   resolution: "@babel/parser@npm:7.26.5"
@@ -512,6 +523,21 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@babel/traverse@npm:^7.23.7, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.29.0":
+  version: 7.29.0
+  resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.29.0"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/code-frame": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/generator": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/helper-globals": "npm:^7.28.0"
+    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    "@babel/template": "npm:^7.28.6"
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
+    debug: "npm:^4.3.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/f63ef6e58d02a9fbf3c0e2e5f1c877da3e0bc57f91a19d2223d53e356a76859cbaf51171c9211c71816d94a0e69efa2732fd27ffc0e1bbc84b636e60932333eb
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@babel/traverse@npm:^7.27.1":
   version: 7.28.0
   resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.28.0"
@@ -542,21 +568,6 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@babel/traverse@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/traverse@npm:^7.29.0":
-  version: 7.29.0
-  resolution: "@babel/traverse@npm:7.29.0"
-  dependencies:
-    "@babel/code-frame": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/generator": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/helper-globals": "npm:^7.28.0"
-    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    "@babel/template": "npm:^7.28.6"
-    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.29.0"
-    debug: "npm:^4.3.1"
-  checksum: 10c0/f63ef6e58d02a9fbf3c0e2e5f1c877da3e0bc57f91a19d2223d53e356a76859cbaf51171c9211c71816d94a0e69efa2732fd27ffc0e1bbc84b636e60932333eb
-  languageName: node
-  linkType: hard
-
 "@babel/types@npm:^7.26.5":
   version: 7.26.5
   resolution: "@babel/types@npm:7.26.5"
@@ -587,7 +598,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@babel/types@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/types@npm:^7.29.0":
+"@babel/types@npm:^7.28.6, @babel/types@npm:^7.29.0, @babel/types@npm:^7.6.1, @babel/types@npm:^7.9.6":
   version: 7.29.0
   resolution: "@babel/types@npm:7.29.0"
   dependencies:
@@ -852,6 +863,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@colors/colors@npm:^1.6.0":
+  version: 1.6.0
+  resolution: "@colors/colors@npm:1.6.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/9328a0778a5b0db243af54455b79a69e3fb21122d6c15ef9e9fcc94881d8d17352d8b2b2590f9bdd46fac5c2d6c1636dcfc14358a20c70e22daf89e1a759b629
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@csstools/color-helpers@npm:^5.1.0":
   version: 5.1.0
   resolution: "@csstools/color-helpers@npm:5.1.0"
@@ -1226,6 +1244,127 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"@formatjs/bigdecimal@npm:0.2.0":
+  version: 0.2.0
+  resolution: "@formatjs/bigdecimal@npm:0.2.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/dec607e3d9d4b8c5d0474862e867726cbf322a24d543d5b2cbc3cab6fea187ac787a8e1a0e3df5ceef85a1ab9d58112a08bb7af40b1b3a3b00670431b0603510
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:2.3.6":
+  version: 2.3.6
+  resolution: "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:2.3.6"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:2.2.7"
+    "@formatjs/intl-localematcher": "npm:0.6.2"
+    decimal.js: "npm:^10.4.3"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/63be2a73d3168bf45ab5d50db58376e852db5652d89511ae6e44f1fa03ad96ebbfe9b06a1dfaa743db06e40eb7f33bd77530b9388289855cca79a0e3fc29eacf
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0":
+  version: 3.2.0
+  resolution: "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@npm:3.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/bigdecimal": "npm:0.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/intl-localematcher": "npm:0.8.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/b3c8ac881c3d7533fb4127ca3d771d2a32cb89e6efbbcc72d80b1dcc6a798494ace9ca5ee822b25eb08ebdc7ee2885a9e33496a436b40271ffc915ece605a3ce
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:2.2.7":
+  version: 2.2.7
+  resolution: "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:2.2.7"
+  dependencies:
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/f5eabb0e4ab7162297df8252b4cfde194b23248120d9df267592eae2be2d2f7c4f670b5a70523d91b4ecdc35d40e65823bb8eeba8dd79fbf8601a972bf3b8866
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1":
+  version: 3.1.1
+  resolution: "@formatjs/fast-memoize@npm:3.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/79b24dc1389a49b2b2fb9e90a2ba922a4057d4b74e7bc33a3811f0dc94a5a868d28e8e37917b68c2f831070d11dfd0889de686f269bf5214085a44efc1c25a8c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:2.11.4":
+  version: 2.11.4
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:2.11.4"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser": "npm:1.8.16"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/3ea9e9dae18282881d19a5f88107b6013f514ec8675684ed2c04bee2a174032377858937243e3bd9c9263a470988a3773a53bf8d208a34a78e7843ce66f87f3b
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3":
+  version: 3.5.3
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@npm:3.5.3"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser": "npm:2.1.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/9a9632348df058e0da339234381b11f71b5ace1c93eaf1950b3eb45f4e146a73f8923af82818543e90c1135523b254d2c04fb47cab3624eb1f601d2a4edd35c6
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:1.8.16":
+  version: 1.8.16
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:1.8.16"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/6fa1586dc11c925cd8d17e927cc635d238c969a6b7e97282a924376f78622fc25336c407589d19796fb6f8124a0e7765f99ecdb1aac014edcfbe852e7c3d87f3
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3":
+  version: 2.1.3
+  resolution: "@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@npm:2.1.3"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/6a8ed06c722bce1d73d54b2d72462bfe46b752f43d09e3d8c14649ef775b06f3c7f8d36274e67e6cfb95800bf43230a2595a7e1790922ebb683711201fcbccc8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.6.2":
+  version: 0.6.2
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.6.2"
+  dependencies:
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/22a17a4c67160b6c9f52667914acfb7b79cd6d80630d4ac6d4599ce447cb89d2a64f7d58fa35c3145ddb37fef893f0a45b9a55e663a4eb1f2ae8b10a89fac235
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.8.2":
+  version: 0.8.2
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl-localematcher@npm:0.8.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/3bf838a018184837b167964849dafdcdeac95531a24f4df7d868638d4ad716854a250e9bccac9ab4568264c0db7470e70b99363da1db308fdc882b87f3eca651
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"@formatjs/intl@npm:^4.1.4":
+  version: 4.1.4
+  resolution: "@formatjs/intl@npm:4.1.4"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:3.2.0"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:3.5.3"
+    intl-messageformat: "npm:11.2.0"
+  peerDependencies:
+    typescript: ^5.6.0
+  peerDependenciesMeta:
+    typescript:
+      optional: true
+  checksum: 10c0/2591b86cdec44b91761757edd3433e751b28ed7ed4a6e1a7f240356db2c32a5732565374c9d9b645f83d3558bc9a19231af7ef0ea555524abe4001b7c43f1754
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@gerrit0/mini-shiki@npm:^3.17.0":
   version: 3.22.0
   resolution: "@gerrit0/mini-shiki@npm:3.22.0"
@@ -1288,6 +1427,7 @@ __metadata:
     "@faker-js/faker": "npm:^10.1.0"
     "@fontsource/hanken-grotesk": "npm:^5.2.8"
     "@fontsource/roboto": "npm:^5.2.9"
+    "@formatjs/intl": "npm:^4.1.4"
     "@getodk/xforms-engine": "npm:0.21.1"
     "@mdi/js": "npm:^7.4.47"
     "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.58.2"
@@ -1303,6 +1443,7 @@ __metadata:
     npm-run-all2: "npm:^8.0.4"
     ol: "npm:^10.7.0"
     primeflex: "npm:^4.0.0"
+    primelocale: "npm:^2.3.1"
     primevue: "npm:4.3.3"
     ramda: "npm:^0.32.0"
     rimraf: "npm:^6.1.3"
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+  resolution: "@oclif/core@npm:1.26.2"
+  dependencies:
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+    "@oclif/screen": "npm:^3.0.4"
+    ansi-escapes: "npm:^4.3.2"
+    ansi-styles: "npm:^4.3.0"
+    cardinal: "npm:^2.1.1"
+    chalk: "npm:^4.1.2"
+    clean-stack: "npm:^3.0.1"
+    cli-progress: "npm:^3.10.0"
+    debug: "npm:^4.3.4"
+    ejs: "npm:^3.1.6"
+    fs-extra: "npm:^9.1.0"
+    get-package-type: "npm:^0.1.0"
+    globby: "npm:^11.1.0"
+    hyperlinker: "npm:^1.0.0"
+    indent-string: "npm:^4.0.0"
+    is-wsl: "npm:^2.2.0"
+    js-yaml: "npm:^3.14.1"
+    natural-orderby: "npm:^2.0.3"
+    object-treeify: "npm:^1.1.33"
+    password-prompt: "npm:^1.1.2"
+    semver: "npm:^7.3.7"
+    string-width: "npm:^4.2.3"
+    strip-ansi: "npm:^6.0.1"
+    supports-color: "npm:^8.1.1"
+    supports-hyperlinks: "npm:^2.2.0"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.4.1"
+    widest-line: "npm:^3.1.0"
+    wrap-ansi: "npm:^7.0.0"
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+  languageName: node
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+  resolution: "@oclif/linewrap@npm:1.0.0"
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+  resolution: "@oclif/screen@npm:3.0.8"
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+
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+  resolution: "@transifex/cli@npm:7.1.5"
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+    "@babel/traverse": "npm:^7.23.7"
+    "@colors/colors": "npm:^1.6.0"
+    "@oclif/core": "npm:^1.26.2"
+    "@transifex/native": "npm:^7.1.5"
+    "@vue/compiler-sfc": "npm:^3.4.7"
+    angular-html-parser: "npm:^1.8.0"
+    axios: "npm:^1.6.5"
+    ejs: "npm:^3.1.9"
+    glob: "npm:^8.1.0"
+    lodash: "npm:^4.17.21"
+    pug: "npm:^3.0.2"
+  bin:
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+  checksum: 10c0/5b988b9110ce17e2b117816979ca9e085bbdbc81301df30bcbb08f1c8fce926826ffa9793b92434b506a3a2dc9fd275c6cb9e3ab2da4472d2c99e882a1145945
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+  resolution: "@transifex/native@npm:7.1.5"
+  dependencies:
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+    intl-messageformat: "npm:^10.5.14"
+    md5: "npm:^2.3.0"
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+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "@ts-morph/common@npm:0.16.0"
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+  version: 3.5.30
+  resolution: "@vue/compiler-core@npm:3.5.30"
+  dependencies:
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+    "@vue/shared": "npm:3.5.30"
+    entities: "npm:^7.0.1"
+    estree-walker: "npm:^2.0.2"
+    source-map-js: "npm:^1.2.1"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  version: 3.5.30
+  resolution: "@vue/compiler-dom@npm:3.5.30"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "@vue/compiler-dom@npm:3.5.13"
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+  version: 3.5.30
+  resolution: "@vue/compiler-sfc@npm:3.5.30"
+  dependencies:
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+    "@vue/compiler-core": "npm:3.5.30"
+    "@vue/compiler-dom": "npm:3.5.30"
+    "@vue/compiler-ssr": "npm:3.5.30"
+    "@vue/shared": "npm:3.5.30"
+    estree-walker: "npm:^2.0.2"
+    magic-string: "npm:^0.30.21"
+    postcss: "npm:^8.5.8"
+    source-map-js: "npm:^1.2.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/0ee774f236bea57e2af28047f55f172991625fe70c81cb09768068052a36221952832f14f7169b290400e29baecd87c35d33794320dc093f430a4f66cd0139f2
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "@vue/compiler-sfc@npm:3.5.25"
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+  version: 3.5.30
+  resolution: "@vue/compiler-ssr@npm:3.5.30"
+  dependencies:
+    "@vue/compiler-dom": "npm:3.5.30"
+    "@vue/shared": "npm:3.5.30"
+  checksum: 10c0/2c87fa1bd3ba5002559fa2e55d5a83e6702945c03ad92e881e6f0a2d03ee0b8b59020fb4effc38cf9e5ac1524e4ace83f5f779626d54280826bf695e75ad993d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "@vue/compiler-vue2@npm:2.7.16"
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+"@vue/shared@npm:3.5.30":
+  version: 3.5.30
+  resolution: "@vue/shared@npm:3.5.30"
+  checksum: 10c0/d4fbef44001a9f0e4c07c8a25c2cd0075877579e1c6cc4241c6c0dfc77209bbca592d67c0b581073d648dbbb6659a993c484c899d6070bccee91d0acafc8fa24
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "@vue/test-utils@npm:2.4.6"
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+  version: 7.4.1
+  resolution: "acorn@npm:7.4.1"
+  bin:
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "acorn@npm:8.14.0"
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+"angular-html-parser@npm:^1.8.0":
+  version: 1.8.0
+  resolution: "angular-html-parser@npm:1.8.0"
+  dependencies:
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+  checksum: 10c0/a2b6c41a71d8a859472b2371bea1da1d01eec7927dc82648ad91f16aef1e32fbd0a6a1e63bc7eaf8fd825eeae27f25f49dbb4c8e128904028a7e203ef9c784e0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "ansi-colors@npm:4.1.3"
@@ -3314,6 +3613,15 @@ __metadata:
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+"ansi-escapes@npm:^4.3.2":
+  version: 4.3.2
+  resolution: "ansi-escapes@npm:4.3.2"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "ansi-regex@npm:5.0.1"
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-"ansi-styles@npm:^4.0.0, ansi-styles@npm:^4.1.0":
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+"ansicolors@npm:~0.3.2":
+  version: 0.3.2
+  resolution: "ansicolors@npm:0.3.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/e202182895e959c5357db6c60791b2abaade99fcc02221da11a581b26a7f83dc084392bc74e4d3875c22f37b3c9ef48842e896e3bfed394ec278194b8003e0ac
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "anymatch@npm:3.1.3"
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+  version: 2.0.6
+  resolution: "asap@npm:2.0.6"
+  checksum: 10c0/c6d5e39fe1f15e4b87677460bd66b66050cd14c772269cee6688824c1410a08ab20254bb6784f9afb75af9144a9f9a7692d49547f4d19d715aeb7c0318f3136d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  resolution: "assert-never@npm:1.4.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/494db08b89fb43d6231c9b4c48da22824f1912d88992bf0268e43b3dad0f64bd56d380addbb997d2dea7d859421d5e2904e8bd01243794f2bb5bfbc8d32d1fc6
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "async@npm:2.6.4"
@@ -3393,6 +3722,38 @@ __metadata:
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+"async@npm:^3.2.6":
+  version: 3.2.6
+  resolution: "async@npm:3.2.6"
+  checksum: 10c0/36484bb15ceddf07078688d95e27076379cc2f87b10c03b6dd8a83e89475a3c8df5848859dd06a4c95af1e4c16fc973de0171a77f18ea00be899aca2a4f85e70
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  resolution: "asynckit@npm:0.4.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/d73e2ddf20c4eb9337e1b3df1a0f6159481050a5de457c55b14ea2e5cb6d90bb69e004c9af54737a5ee0917fcf2c9e25de67777bbe58261847846066ba75bc9d
+  languageName: node
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+
+"at-least-node@npm:^1.0.0":
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+  resolution: "at-least-node@npm:1.0.0"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"axios@npm:^1.6.5":
+  version: 1.13.6
+  resolution: "axios@npm:1.13.6"
+  dependencies:
+    follow-redirects: "npm:^1.15.11"
+    form-data: "npm:^4.0.5"
+    proxy-from-env: "npm:^1.1.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/51fb5af055c3b85662fa97df17d986ae2c37d13bf86d50b6bb36b6b3a2dec6966a1d3a14ab3774b71707b155ae3597ed9b7babdf1a1a863d1a31840cb8e7ec71
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "babel-plugin-transform-jsbi-to-bigint@npm:^1.4.2":
   version: 1.4.2
   resolution: "babel-plugin-transform-jsbi-to-bigint@npm:1.4.2"
@@ -3400,6 +3761,15 @@ __metadata:
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+"babel-walk@npm:3.0.0-canary-5":
+  version: 3.0.0-canary-5
+  resolution: "babel-walk@npm:3.0.0-canary-5"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.9.6"
+  checksum: 10c0/17b689874d15c37714cedf6797dd9321dcb998d8e0dda9a8fe8c8bbbf128bbdeb8935cf56e8630d6b67eae76d2a0bc1e470751e082c3b0e30b80d58beafb5e64
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "balanced-match@npm:1.0.2"
@@ -3560,6 +3930,18 @@ __metadata:
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+"cardinal@npm:^2.1.1":
+  version: 2.1.1
+  resolution: "cardinal@npm:2.1.1"
+  dependencies:
+    ansicolors: "npm:~0.3.2"
+    redeyed: "npm:~2.1.0"
+  bin:
+    cdl: ./bin/cdl.js
+  checksum: 10c0/0051d0e64c0e1dff480c1aace4c018c48ecca44030533257af3f023107ccdeb061925603af6d73710f0345b0ae0eb57e5241d181d9b5fdb595d45c5418161675
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   version: 6.2.2
   resolution: "chai@npm:6.2.2"
@@ -3584,6 +3966,15 @@ __metadata:
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+"character-parser@npm:^2.2.0":
+  version: 2.2.0
+  resolution: "character-parser@npm:2.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    is-regex: "npm:^1.0.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/5a8d3eff2c912a6878c84e2ebf9d42524e858aa7e1a1c7e8bb79ab54da109ad008fe9057a9d2b3230541d7ff858eda98983a2ae15db57ba01af2e989d29e932e
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "chardet@npm:2.1.1"
@@ -3591,6 +3982,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
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+"charenc@npm:0.0.2":
+  version: 0.0.2
+  resolution: "charenc@npm:0.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/a45ec39363a16799d0f9365c8dd0c78e711415113c6f14787a22462ef451f5013efae8a28f1c058f81fc01f2a6a16955f7a5fd0cd56247ce94a45349c89877d8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "chokidar@npm:3.6.0"
@@ -3633,6 +4031,24 @@ __metadata:
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+"clean-stack@npm:^3.0.1":
+  version: 3.0.1
+  resolution: "clean-stack@npm:3.0.1"
+  dependencies:
+    escape-string-regexp: "npm:4.0.0"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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+  resolution: "cli-progress@npm:3.12.0"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "code-block-writer@npm:11.0.3"
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+"combined-stream@npm:^1.0.8":
+  version: 1.0.8
+  resolution: "combined-stream@npm:1.0.8"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "commander@npm:10.0.1"
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+"constantinople@npm:^4.0.1":
+  version: 4.0.1
+  resolution: "constantinople@npm:4.0.1"
+  dependencies:
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+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.6.1"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "convert-source-map@npm:2.0.0"
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-"cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.0, cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.5, cross-spawn@npm:^7.0.6":
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+  resolution: "cross-fetch@npm:4.1.0"
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+  languageName: node
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+  version: 0.0.2
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+  languageName: node
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   resolution: "crypto-js@npm:4.2.0"
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+  resolution: "delayed-stream@npm:1.0.0"
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   resolution: "dequal@npm:2.0.3"
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+  resolution: "doctypes@npm:1.1.0"
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+  languageName: node
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   resolution: "dompurify@npm:3.3.0"
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+  resolution: "ejs@npm:3.1.10"
+  dependencies:
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+  bin:
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   resolution: "electron-to-chromium@npm:1.5.84"
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+  resolution: "es-set-tostringtag@npm:2.1.0"
+  dependencies:
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+    get-intrinsic: "npm:^1.2.6"
+    has-tostringtag: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/ef2ca9ce49afe3931cb32e35da4dcb6d86ab02592cfc2ce3e49ced199d9d0bb5085fc7e73e06312213765f5efa47cc1df553a6a5154584b21448e9fb8355b1af
+  languageName: node
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   resolution: "esbuild@npm:0.27.3"
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+"filelist@npm:^1.0.4":
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+  resolution: "filelist@npm:1.0.6"
+  dependencies:
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+  languageName: node
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+  version: 7.1.1
   resolution: "fill-range@npm:7.1.1"
   dependencies:
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+  resolution: "follow-redirects@npm:1.15.11"
+  peerDependenciesMeta:
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+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "foreground-child@npm:3.3.0"
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+  version: 4.0.5
+  resolution: "form-data@npm:4.0.5"
+  dependencies:
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+    combined-stream: "npm:^1.0.8"
+    es-set-tostringtag: "npm:^2.1.0"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+    mime-types: "npm:^2.1.12"
+  checksum: 10c0/dd6b767ee0bbd6d84039db12a0fa5a2028160ffbfaba1800695713b46ae974a5f6e08b3356c3195137f8530dcd9dfcb5d5ae1eeff53d0db1e5aad863b619ce3b
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "fs-extra@npm:7.0.1"
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+"fs-extra@npm:^9.1.0":
+  version: 9.1.0
+  resolution: "fs-extra@npm:9.1.0"
+  dependencies:
+    at-least-node: "npm:^1.0.0"
+    graceful-fs: "npm:^4.2.0"
+    jsonfile: "npm:^6.0.1"
+    universalify: "npm:^2.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/9b808bd884beff5cb940773018179a6b94a966381d005479f00adda6b44e5e3d4abf765135773d849cc27efe68c349e4a7b86acd7d3306d5932c14f3a4b17a92
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "fs-extra@npm:11.3.0"
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+"fs.realpath@npm:^1.0.0":
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+  resolution: "fs.realpath@npm:1.0.0"
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+  languageName: node
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+"get-package-type@npm:^0.1.0":
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+  resolution: "get-package-type@npm:0.1.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/e34cdf447fdf1902a1f6d5af737eaadf606d2ee3518287abde8910e04159368c268568174b2e71102b87b26c2020486f126bfca9c4fb1ceb986ff99b52ecd1be
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "get-proto@npm:1.0.1"
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-"globby@npm:^11.0.0":
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+  version: 8.1.0
+  resolution: "glob@npm:8.1.0"
+  dependencies:
+    fs.realpath: "npm:^1.0.0"
+    inflight: "npm:^1.0.4"
+    inherits: "npm:2"
+    minimatch: "npm:^5.0.1"
+    once: "npm:^1.3.0"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "globby@npm:11.1.0"
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+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "has-tostringtag@npm:1.0.2"
+  dependencies:
+    has-symbols: "npm:^1.0.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/a8b166462192bafe3d9b6e420a1d581d93dd867adb61be223a17a8d6dad147aa77a8be32c961bb2f27b3ef893cae8d36f564ab651f5e9b7938ae86f74027c48c
+  languageName: node
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+
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   resolution: "hasown@npm:2.0.2"
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+"hyperlinker@npm:^1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "hyperlinker@npm:1.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/7b980f51611fb5efb62ad5aa3a8af9305b7fb0c203eb9d8915e24e96cdb43c5a4121e2d461bfd74cf47d4e01e39ce473700ea0e2353cb1f71758f94be37a44b0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "iconv-lite@npm:0.6.3"
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+  resolution: "indent-string@npm:4.0.0"
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+  languageName: node
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+"inflight@npm:^1.0.4":
+  version: 1.0.6
+  resolution: "inflight@npm:1.0.6"
+  dependencies:
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+    wrappy: "npm:1"
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+  languageName: node
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+  resolution: "inherits@npm:2.0.4"
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+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "ini@npm:1.3.8"
@@ -5058,6 +5657,29 @@ __metadata:
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+"intl-messageformat@npm:11.2.0":
+  version: 11.2.0
+  resolution: "intl-messageformat@npm:11.2.0"
+  dependencies:
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+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:3.1.1"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:3.5.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/0f0a92324ef61c885902ff41c99754a65f0cc5cbe25d690c1771605117df4f97a786bb06dec50f12a7047e4cb2fab1f2516002df32e93be6ac02e1967e928e44
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"intl-messageformat@npm:^10.5.14":
+  version: 10.7.18
+  resolution: "intl-messageformat@npm:10.7.18"
+  dependencies:
+    "@formatjs/ecma402-abstract": "npm:2.3.6"
+    "@formatjs/fast-memoize": "npm:2.2.7"
+    "@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser": "npm:2.11.4"
+    tslib: "npm:^2.8.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/d54da9987335cb2bca26246304cea2ca6b1cb44ca416d6b28f3aa62b11477c72f7ce0bf3f11f5d236ceb1842bdc3378a926e606496d146fde18783ec92c314e1
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "ip-address@npm:10.0.1"
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-"is-core-module@npm:^2.16.0":
+"is-buffer@npm:~1.1.6":
+  version: 1.1.6
+  resolution: "is-buffer@npm:1.1.6"
+  checksum: 10c0/ae18aa0b6e113d6c490ad1db5e8df9bdb57758382b313f5a22c9c61084875c6396d50bbf49315f5b1926d142d74dfb8d31b40d993a383e0a158b15fea7a82234
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "is-core-module@npm:2.16.1"
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+"is-docker@npm:^2.0.0":
+  version: 2.2.1
+  resolution: "is-docker@npm:2.2.1"
+  bin:
+    is-docker: cli.js
+  checksum: 10c0/e828365958d155f90c409cdbe958f64051d99e8aedc2c8c4cd7c89dcf35329daed42f7b99346f7828df013e27deb8f721cf9408ba878c76eb9e8290235fbcdcc
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"is-expression@npm:^4.0.0":
+  version: 4.0.0
+  resolution: "is-expression@npm:4.0.0"
+  dependencies:
+    acorn: "npm:^7.1.1"
+    object-assign: "npm:^4.1.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/541831d39d3e7bfc8cecd966d6b0f3c0e6d9055342f17b634fb23e74f51ce90f1bfc3cf231c722fe003a61e8d4f0b9e07244fdaba57f4fc70a163c74006fd5a0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "is-extglob@npm:2.1.1"
@@ -5120,6 +5768,25 @@ __metadata:
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+"is-promise@npm:^2.0.0":
+  version: 2.2.2
+  resolution: "is-promise@npm:2.2.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/2dba959812380e45b3df0fb12e7cb4d4528c989c7abb03ececb1d1fd6ab1cbfee956ca9daa587b9db1d8ac3c1e5738cf217bdb3dfd99df8c691be4c00ae09069
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"is-regex@npm:^1.0.3":
+  version: 1.2.1
+  resolution: "is-regex@npm:1.2.1"
+  dependencies:
+    call-bound: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    gopd: "npm:^1.2.0"
+    has-tostringtag: "npm:^1.0.2"
+    hasown: "npm:^2.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/1d3715d2b7889932349241680032e85d0b492cfcb045acb75ffc2c3085e8d561184f1f7e84b6f8321935b4aea39bc9c6ba74ed595b57ce4881a51dfdbc214e04
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "is-subdir@npm:1.2.0"
@@ -5136,6 +5803,15 @@ __metadata:
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+"is-wsl@npm:^2.2.0":
+  version: 2.2.0
+  resolution: "is-wsl@npm:2.2.0"
+  dependencies:
+    is-docker: "npm:^2.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/a6fa2d370d21be487c0165c7a440d567274fbba1a817f2f0bfa41cc5e3af25041d84267baa22df66696956038a43973e72fca117918c91431920bdef490fa25e
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "isexe@npm:2.0.0"
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   languageName: node
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+"jake@npm:^10.8.5":
+  version: 10.9.4
+  resolution: "jake@npm:10.9.4"
+  dependencies:
+    async: "npm:^3.2.6"
+    filelist: "npm:^1.0.4"
+    picocolors: "npm:^1.1.1"
+  bin:
+    jake: bin/cli.js
+  checksum: 10c0/bb52f000340d4a32f1a3893b9abe56ef2b77c25da4dbf2c0c874a8159d082dddda50a5ad10e26060198bd645b928ba8dba3b362710f46a247e335321188c5a9c
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "jju@npm:1.4.0"
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+"js-stringify@npm:^1.0.2":
+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "js-stringify@npm:1.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/a450c04fde3a7e1c27f1c3c4300433f8d79322f9e3c2e76266843cef8c0b5a69b5f11b5f173212b2f15f2df09e068ef7ddf46ef775e2486f3006a6f4e912578d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "js-tokens@npm:4.0.0"
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   languageName: node
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+"js-yaml@npm:^3.14.1":
+  version: 3.14.2
+  resolution: "js-yaml@npm:3.14.2"
+  dependencies:
+    argparse: "npm:^1.0.7"
+    esprima: "npm:^4.0.0"
+  bin:
+    js-yaml: bin/js-yaml.js
+  checksum: 10c0/3261f25912f5dd76605e5993d0a126c2b6c346311885d3c483706cd722efe34f697ea0331f654ce27c00a42b426e524518ec89d65ed02ea47df8ad26dcc8ce69
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "jsdoc-type-pratt-parser@npm:7.1.1"
@@ -5331,6 +6039,16 @@ __metadata:
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+"jstransformer@npm:1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "jstransformer@npm:1.0.0"
+  dependencies:
+    is-promise: "npm:^2.0.0"
+    promise: "npm:^7.0.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/11f9b4f368a55878dd7973154cd83b0adca27f974d21217728652530775b2bec281e92109de66f0c9e37c76af796d5b76b33f3e38363214a83d102d523a7285b
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
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   resolution: "keyv@npm:4.5.4"
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   languageName: node
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+"lodash@npm:^4.17.21":
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+    has-flag: "npm:^4.0.0"
+    supports-color: "npm:^7.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/4057f0d86afb056cd799602f72d575b8fdd79001c5894bcb691176f14e870a687e7981e50bc1484980e8b688c6d5bcd4931e1609816abb5a7dc1486b7babf6a1
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@npm:^1.0.0":
   version: 1.0.0
   resolution: "supports-preserve-symlinks-flag@npm:1.0.0"
@@ -7711,6 +8712,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"token-stream@npm:1.0.0":
+  version: 1.0.0
+  resolution: "token-stream@npm:1.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/c1924a89686fc035d579cbe856da12306571d5fe7408eeeebe80df7c25c5cc644b8ae102d5cbc0f085d0e105f391d1a48dc0e568520434c5b444ea6c7de2b822
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "totalist@npm:^3.0.0":
   version: 3.0.1
   resolution: "totalist@npm:3.0.1"
@@ -7801,7 +8809,14 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"tslib@npm:^2.6.2":
+"tslib@npm:^1.9.3":
+  version: 1.14.1
+  resolution: "tslib@npm:1.14.1"
+  checksum: 10c0/69ae09c49eea644bc5ebe1bca4fa4cc2c82b7b3e02f43b84bd891504edf66dbc6b2ec0eef31a957042de2269139e4acff911e6d186a258fb14069cd7f6febce2
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"tslib@npm:^2.4.1, tslib@npm:^2.6.2, tslib@npm:^2.8.0":
   version: 2.8.1
   resolution: "tslib@npm:2.8.1"
   checksum: 10c0/9c4759110a19c53f992d9aae23aac5ced636e99887b51b9e61def52611732872ff7668757d4e4c61f19691e36f4da981cd9485e869b4a7408d689f6bf1f14e62
@@ -7888,6 +8903,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"type-fest@npm:^0.21.3":
+  version: 0.21.3
+  resolution: "type-fest@npm:0.21.3"
+  checksum: 10c0/902bd57bfa30d51d4779b641c2bc403cdf1371fb9c91d3c058b0133694fcfdb817aef07a47f40faf79039eecbaa39ee9d3c532deff244f3a19ce68cea71a61e8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "typedoc@npm:^0.28.17":
   version: 0.28.17
   resolution: "typedoc@npm:0.28.17"
@@ -8283,6 +9305,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"void-elements@npm:^3.1.0":
+  version: 3.1.0
+  resolution: "void-elements@npm:3.1.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/0b8686f9f9aa44012e9bd5eabf287ae0cde409b9a2854c5a2335cb83920c957668ac5876e3f0d158dd424744ac411a7270e64128556b451ed3bec875ef18534d
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "vscode-uri@npm:^3.0.8":
   version: 3.0.8
   resolution: "vscode-uri@npm:3.0.8"
@@ -8500,6 +9529,27 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"widest-line@npm:^3.1.0":
+  version: 3.1.0
+  resolution: "widest-line@npm:3.1.0"
+  dependencies:
+    string-width: "npm:^4.0.0"
+  checksum: 10c0/b1e623adcfb9df35350dd7fc61295d6d4a1eaa65a406ba39c4b8360045b614af95ad10e05abf704936ed022569be438c4bfa02d6d031863c4166a238c301119f
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
+"with@npm:^7.0.0":
+  version: 7.0.2
+  resolution: "with@npm:7.0.2"
+  dependencies:
+    "@babel/parser": "npm:^7.9.6"
+    "@babel/types": "npm:^7.9.6"
+    assert-never: "npm:^1.2.1"
+    babel-walk: "npm:3.0.0-canary-5"
+  checksum: 10c0/99289e49afc4b1776afae0ef85e84cfa775e8e07464d2b9853a31b0822347031d1cf77f287d25adc8c3f81e4fa68f4ee31526a9c95d4981ba08a1fe24dee111a
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "word-wrap@npm:^1.2.5":
   version: 1.2.5
   resolution: "word-wrap@npm:1.2.5"
@@ -8507,7 +9557,7 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"wrap-ansi-cjs@npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0":
+"wrap-ansi-cjs@npm:wrap-ansi@^7.0.0, wrap-ansi@npm:^7.0.0":
   version: 7.0.0
   resolution: "wrap-ansi@npm:7.0.0"
   dependencies:
@@ -8529,6 +9579,13 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
+"wrappy@npm:1":
+  version: 1.0.2
+  resolution: "wrappy@npm:1.0.2"
+  checksum: 10c0/56fece1a4018c6a6c8e28fbc88c87e0fbf4ea8fd64fc6c63b18f4acc4bd13e0ad2515189786dd2c30d3eec9663d70f4ecf699330002f8ccb547e4a18231fc9f0
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "ws@npm:^8.18.3":
   version: 8.18.3
   resolution: "ws@npm:8.18.3"

From 2f6014c16ee08bd0d42082b2c874b628a72b5235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jennifer Q <66472237+latin-panda@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Apr 2026 16:48:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 30/30] feat(#332): Prioritize form designer's default language
 (#763)

---
 .../src/assertion/extensions/answers.ts       | 14 +---
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json    |  8 ++
 packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json    |  8 ++
 .../common/ValidationMessage.i18n.json        | 10 +++
 .../components/common/ValidationMessage.vue   | 29 ++++++--
 .../components/form-elements/RankControl.vue  |  2 +-
 .../form-elements/input/InputControl.vue      |  2 +-
 .../form-elements/select/Select1Control.vue   |  2 +-
 .../form-elements/select/SelectNControl.vue   |  2 +-
 .../web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts     |  9 ++-
 .../form-elements/input/InputControl.test.ts  | 10 ++-
 .../select/SelectControl.test.ts              |  2 +-
 .../tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts        | 21 +++++-
 .../xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts  |  6 ++
 packages/xforms-engine/src/client/NoteNode.ts |  4 +-
 .../xforms-engine/src/client/TextRange.ts     | 31 +-------
 .../xforms-engine/src/client/constants.ts     | 10 ---
 .../xforms-engine/src/client/validation.ts    | 60 +++------------
 packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/Note.ts   |  8 +-
 .../src/instance/text/TextRange.ts            | 13 +---
 .../lib/reactivity/createItemCollection.ts    |  4 +-
 .../lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts  | 15 ++--
 .../lib/reactivity/text/createFieldHint.ts    |  2 +-
 .../lib/reactivity/text/createNodeLabel.ts    |  2 +-
 .../src/lib/reactivity/text/createNoteText.ts |  4 +-
 .../lib/reactivity/text/createTextRange.ts    |  4 +-
 .../reactivity/validation/createValidation.ts | 39 +---------
 .../test/instance/PrimaryInstance.test.ts     | 73 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../createAggregatedViolations.test.ts        | 37 +++++-----
 .../src/xforms/XFormsItextTranslations.ts     | 31 +++++---
 .../xpath/src/xforms/XFormsXPathEvaluator.ts  |  4 +
 31 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 222 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.i18n.json

diff --git a/packages/scenario/src/assertion/extensions/answers.ts b/packages/scenario/src/assertion/extensions/answers.ts
index 15a13c9dc..569371e83 100644
--- a/packages/scenario/src/assertion/extensions/answers.ts
+++ b/packages/scenario/src/assertion/extensions/answers.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { UnreachableError } from '@getodk/common/lib/error/UnreachableError.ts';
 import { getBlobText } from '@getodk/common/lib/web-compat/blob.ts';
-import { constants, type ValidationCondition } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import { type ValidationCondition } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { assert, expect } from 'vitest';
 import { ComparableAnswer } from '../../answer/ComparableAnswer.ts';
 import { ExpectedApproximateUOMAnswer } from '../../answer/ExpectedApproximateUOMAnswer.ts';
@@ -40,24 +40,16 @@ const assertAnswerResult: AssertAnswerResult = (value) => {
 };
 
 const matchDefaultMessage = (condition: ValidationCondition) => {
-	const expectedMessage = constants.VALIDATION_TEXT[`${condition}Msg`];
-
 	return {
 		node: {
 			validationState: {
 				[condition]: {
 					valid: false,
-					message: {
-						origin: 'engine',
-						asString: expectedMessage,
-					},
+					message: null,
 				},
 				violation: {
 					condition,
-					message: {
-						origin: 'engine',
-						asString: expectedMessage,
-					},
+					message: null,
 				},
 			},
 		},
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
index a566a5eb4..3f4c31ad6 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_en.json
@@ -47,6 +47,14 @@
     "string": "Longitude: {longitude}.",
     "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   },
+  "validation_message.required.error": {
+    "string": "This field is required.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a required field has no value and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  },
+  "validation_message.constraint.error": {
+    "string": "This value doesn't meet the constraint.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a field's value fails a constraint and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  },
   "map_async.load_error.message": {
     "string": "Unable to load map",
     "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
index 74d6749c1..b8db06907 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
+++ b/packages/web-forms/locales/strings_es.json
@@ -47,6 +47,14 @@
     "string": "Longitud: {longitude}.",
     "developer_comment": "Displays the GPS longitude coordinate. {longitude} is the numeric longitude value."
   },
+  "validation_message.required.error": {
+    "string": "Este campo es obligatorio.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a required field has no value and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  },
+  "validation_message.constraint.error": {
+    "string": "No cumple los requisitos.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a field's value fails a constraint and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  },
   "map_async.load_error.message": {
     "string": "No se puede cargar el mapa",
     "developer_comment": "Error message shown when the map component fails to load."
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.i18n.json b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.i18n.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d75039b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.i18n.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "validation_message.required.error": {
+    "string": "This field is required.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a required field has no value and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  },
+  "validation_message.constraint.error": {
+    "string": "This value doesn't meet the constraint.",
+    "developer_comment": "Default error shown when a field's value fails a constraint and the form designer did not specify a custom message."
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue
index 400f9e6ad..fe812cfbf 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/common/ValidationMessage.vue
@@ -1,30 +1,47 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import MarkdownBlock from '@/components/common/MarkdownBlock.vue';
-import { QUESTION_HAS_ERROR } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
-import type { MarkdownNode } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
+import { QUESTION_HAS_ERROR, TRANSLATE } from '@/lib/constants/injection-keys.ts';
+import type { Translate } from '@/lib/locale/useLocale.ts';
+import type { AnyViolation } from '@getodk/xforms-engine';
 import { computed, type ComputedRef, inject } from 'vue';
 
-withDefaults(
+const props = withDefaults(
 	defineProps<{
-		message?: MarkdownNode[];
+		violation?: AnyViolation | null;
 		addPlaceholder?: boolean;
 	}>(),
 	{
-		message: undefined,
+		violation: undefined,
 		addPlaceholder: true,
 	}
 );
 
+const t: Translate = inject(TRANSLATE)!;
 const showMessage = inject<ComputedRef<boolean>>(
 	QUESTION_HAS_ERROR,
 	computed(() => false)
 );
+
+const defaultMessage = computed(() => {
+	if (!props.violation || props.violation.message) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	if (props.violation.condition === 'required') {
+		return t('validation_message.required.error')
+	}
+
+	return t('validation_message.constraint.error');
+});
 </script>
 
 <template>
 	<div :class="{ 'validation-placeholder': addPlaceholder }">
 		<span v-show="showMessage" class="validation-message">
-			<MarkdownBlock v-for="elem in message" :key="elem.id" :elem="elem" />
+			<template v-if="violation?.message">
+				<MarkdownBlock v-for="elem in violation.message.formatted" :key="elem.id" :elem="elem" />
+			</template>
+			<template v-else-if="defaultMessage">{{ defaultMessage }}</template>
 		</span>
 	</div>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
index 102056d2e..6654f5643 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/RankControl.vue
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ const onDragEnd = (oldIndex: number | undefined, newIndex: number | undefined) =
 		</VueDraggable>
 	</div>
 
-	<ValidationMessage :message="question.validationState.violation?.message.formatted" />
+	<ValidationMessage :violation="question.validationState.violation" />
 </template>
 
 <style scoped lang="scss">
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.vue
index eb8d74795..a57e784cf 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.vue
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const isFormEditMode = inject(IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE);
 			<InputText :node="node" />
 		</template>
 	</div>
-	<ValidationMessage :message="node.validationState.violation?.message.formatted" />
+	<ValidationMessage :violation="node.validationState.violation" />
 </template>
 
 <style scoped lang="scss">
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/Select1Control.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/Select1Control.vue
index 71f1d5669..5711eda07 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/Select1Control.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/Select1Control.vue
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ watchEffect(() => {
 	</template>
 
 	<ValidationMessage
-		:message="question.validationState.violation?.message.formatted"
+		:violation="question.validationState.violation"
 		:add-placeholder="!hasFieldListRelatedAppearance"
 	/>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/SelectNControl.vue b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/SelectNControl.vue
index 7c24fd4b9..f66bed737 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/SelectNControl.vue
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/components/form-elements/select/SelectNControl.vue
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ watchEffect(() => {
 	</template>
 
 	<ValidationMessage
-		:message="question.validationState.violation?.message.formatted"
+		:violation="question.validationState.violation"
 		:add-placeholder="!hasFieldListRelatedAppearance"
 	/>
 </template>
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
index 2325f6732..701710e15 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/src/lib/locale/useLocale.ts
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ const resolveUILocaleCandidates = (formLanguage?: FormLanguage): string[] => {
 	return browserLanguages;
 };
 
+const findDefaultFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
+	return languages.find((lang) => lang.isDefault);
+};
+
 const findBrowserFormLanguage = (languages: FormLanguage[]) => {
 	const browserLanguages = navigator.languages ?? [navigator.language];
 	for (const lang of browserLanguages) {
@@ -215,7 +219,10 @@ export const useLocale = (formRef: Ref<RootNode | null>) => {
 				return;
 			}
 			const formLanguage =
-				findSavedFormLanguage(langs) ?? findBrowserFormLanguage(langs) ?? langs[0]!;
+				findSavedFormLanguage(langs) ??
+				findDefaultFormLanguage(langs) ??
+				findBrowserFormLanguage(langs) ??
+				langs[0]!;
 			setLanguage(formLanguage);
 		},
 		{ immediate: true }
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.test.ts
index da08a4842..dcb0103ae 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/input/InputControl.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ const mountComponent = async (questionNumber: number, submitPressed = false) =>
 		props: { question },
 		global: {
 			...globalMountOptions,
-			provide: { [SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(submitPressed), [IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false) },
+			provide: {
+				...globalMountOptions.provide,
+				[SUBMIT_PRESSED]: ref(submitPressed),
+				[IS_FORM_EDIT_MODE]: shallowRef(false),
+			},
 		},
 		attachTo: document.body,
 	});
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ describe('InputControl', () => {
 			await input.setValue('lorem ipsum');
 			await input.setValue('');
 			expect(component.get('.validation-message').isVisible()).toBe(true);
-			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('Condition not satisfied: required');
+			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('validation_message.required.error');
 		});
 
 		it('hides validation message when user enters a valid value', async () => {
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ describe('InputControl', () => {
 		it('shows validation message on submit pressed even when no interaction is made with the component', async () => {
 			const component = await mountComponent(0, true);
 			expect(component.get('.validation-message').isVisible()).toBe(true);
-			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('Condition not satisfied: required');
+			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('validation_message.required.error');
 		});
 	});
 });
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
index 81bcbc00a..2a956e8fd 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/components/form-elements/select/SelectControl.test.ts
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ describe('SelectControl', () => {
 			const component = mountComponent(selectNode, true);
 
 			expect(component.get('.validation-message').isVisible()).toBe(true);
-			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('Condition not satisfied: required');
+			expect(component.get('.validation-message').text()).toBe('validation_message.required.error');
 		});
 	});
 });
diff --git a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
index 7a49678c5..34fc506ac 100644
--- a/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
+++ b/packages/web-forms/tests/lib/locale/useLocale.test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 	// onUnmounted state pollution (document.documentElement.lang) across tests
 	let wrappers: Array<ReturnType<typeof mount>> = [];
 
-	const makeLanguage = (language: string, localeCode: string): FormLanguage => ({
+	const makeLanguage = (language: string, localeCode: string, isDefault = false): FormLanguage => ({
+		isDefault,
 		language,
 		locale: new Intl.Locale(localeCode),
 	});
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 		wrappers = [];
 	});
 
-	describe('language priority order (saved > browser > first)', () => {
+	describe('language priority order (saved > designer default > browser > first)', () => {
 		it('prefers saved locale over browser language', () => {
 			localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY as string, 'fr');
 			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['en']);
@@ -59,7 +60,19 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
 		});
 
-		it('uses browser language when no saved locale', () => {
+		it('prefers designer default over browser language when no saved locale', () => {
+			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['en']);
+
+			const formRef = makeFormRef([
+				makeLanguage('English', 'en'),
+				makeLanguage('French', 'fr', true),
+			]);
+			mountLocale(formRef);
+
+			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('fr');
+		});
+
+		it('uses browser language when no saved locale and no designer default', () => {
 			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['jp']);
 
 			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('Japanese', 'jp')]);
@@ -68,7 +81,7 @@ describe('useLocale', () => {
 			expect(document.documentElement.lang).toBe('jp');
 		});
 
-		it('falls back to first available language when no saved locale and no browser match', () => {
+		it('falls back to first available language when no saved locale, no designer default, and no browser match', () => {
 			vi.spyOn(navigator, 'languages', 'get').mockReturnValue(['de']);
 
 			const formRef = makeFormRef([makeLanguage('English', 'en'), makeLanguage('French', 'fr')]);
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
index 1317c3368..5ac534e8c 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/FormLanguage.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ interface BaseFormLanguage {
 	// similar functionality, but we'll want to seriously consider how best to
 	// accomplish this if/as it becomes a priority.
 	readonly locale?: Intl.Locale | undefined;
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicates the language explicitly designated as default by the form designer via
+	 * the `default` attribute on an `<translation>` element.
+	 */
+	readonly isDefault: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/NoteNode.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/NoteNode.ts
index 147e1b931..41ac17d4b 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/NoteNode.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/NoteNode.ts
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ export interface NoteNodeState<V extends ValueType> extends BaseValueNodeState<N
 	 */
 	readonly readonly: true;
 
-	get label(): TextRange<'label', 'form'> | null;
-	get hint(): TextRange<'hint', 'form'> | null;
+	get label(): TextRange<'label'> | null;
+	get hint(): TextRange<'hint'> | null;
 	get children(): null;
 	get valueOptions(): null;
 
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/TextRange.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/TextRange.ts
index de23da8e4..6542f6d69 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/TextRange.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/TextRange.ts
@@ -81,34 +81,6 @@ export type ElementTextRole = 'hint' | 'label' | 'item-label';
 export type ValidationTextRole = 'constraintMsg' | 'requiredMsg';
 export type TextRole = ElementTextRole | ValidationTextRole;
 
-/**
- * Specifies the origin of a {@link TextRange}.
- *
- * - 'form': text is computed from the form definition, as specified for the
- *   {@link TextRole}. User-facing clients should present text with this origin
- *   where appropriate.
- *
- * - 'form-derived': the form definition lacks a text definition for the
- *   {@link TextRole}, but an appropriate one has been derived from a related
- *   (and semantically appropriate) aspect of the form (example: a select item
- *   without a label may derive that label from the item's value). User-facing
- *   clients should generally present text with this origin where provided; this
- *   origin clarifies the source of such text.
- *
- * - 'engine': the form definition lacks a definition for the {@link TextRole},
- *   but provides a constant default in its absence. User facing clients may
- *   disregard these constant text values, or may use them where a sensible
- *   default is desired. Clients may also use these constants as keys for
- *   translation purposes, as appropriate. Non-user facing clients may reference
- *   these constants for e.g. testing purposes.
- */
-// prettier-ignore
-export type TextOrigin =
-	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/sort-type-constituents
-	| 'form'
-	| 'form-derived'
-	| 'engine';
-
 /**
  * Represents aspects of a form which produce text, which _might_ be:
  *
@@ -139,8 +111,7 @@ export type TextOrigin =
  * a text range's role may correspond to the "short" or "guidance" `form` of a
  * {@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#languages | translation}).
  */
-export interface TextRange<Role extends TextRole, Origin extends TextOrigin = TextOrigin> {
-	readonly origin: Origin;
+export interface TextRange<Role extends TextRole> {
 	readonly role: Role;
 
 	[Symbol.iterator](): Iterable<TextChunk>;
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/constants.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/constants.ts
index d3a264bf5..503863177 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/constants.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import type { LoadForm } from './form/LoadForm.ts';
-import type { ValidationTextRole } from './TextRange.ts';
 
 export const MISSING_RESOURCE_BEHAVIOR = {
 	/**
@@ -59,15 +58,6 @@ export type MissingResourceBehavior =
 	| MissingResourceBehaviorError
 	| MissingResourceBehaviorBlank;
 
-export const VALIDATION_TEXT = {
-	constraintMsg: 'Condition not satisfied: constraint',
-	requiredMsg: 'Condition not satisfied: required',
-} as const satisfies Record<ValidationTextRole, string>;
-
-type ValidationTextDefaults = typeof VALIDATION_TEXT;
-
-export type ValidationTextDefault<Role extends ValidationTextRole> = ValidationTextDefaults[Role];
-
 export const INSTANCE_FILE_NAME = 'xml_submission_file';
 export type INSTANCE_FILE_NAME = typeof INSTANCE_FILE_NAME;
 
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/validation.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/validation.ts
index ae1dcf759..98c6f41eb 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/validation.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/client/validation.ts
@@ -45,57 +45,17 @@ export type ValidationConditionMessageRole<Condition extends ValidationCondition
 	ValidationConditionMessageRoles[Condition];
 
 /**
- * Source of a condition's violation message.
+ * A form-defined violation message, present when the form designer specified `jr:constraintMsg`
+ * or `jr:requiredMsg`. The text may be translated ({@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#fn:jr:itext | `jr:itext`})
+ * and dynamic (via {@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#body-elements | `<output>`}).
  *
- * - Form-defined messages (specified by the
- *   {@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#bind-attributes | `jr:constraintMsg` and `jr:requiredMsg`}
- *   attributes) will be favored when provided by the form, and will be
- *   translated according to the form's active language (where applicable).
- *
- * - Otherwise, an engine-defined message will be provided as a fallback. This
- *   fallback is provided mainly for API consistency, and may be referenced for
- *   testing purposes; user-facing clients are expected to provide fallback
- *   messaging language most appropriate for their user neeeds. Engine-defined
- *   fallback messages **are not translated**. They are intended to be used, if
- *   at all, as sentinel values when a form-defined message is not available.
- */
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/sort-type-constituents
-export type ViolationMessageSource = 'form' | 'engine';
-
-/**
- * @see {@link ViolationMessage.asString}
+ * When absent, {@link ConditionViolation.message} is `null` and clients are expected to provide
+ * their own default messaging (e.g. a translated fallback).
  */
-// prettier-ignore
-type ViolationMessageAsString<
-	Source extends ViolationMessageSource,
-	Condition extends ValidationCondition,
-> =
-	Source extends 'form'
-		? string
-		: `Condition not satisfied: ${Condition}`;
-
-/**
- * A violation message is provided for every violation of a form-defined
- * {@link ValidationCondition}.
- */
-export interface ViolationMessage<
-	Condition extends ValidationCondition,
-	Source extends ViolationMessageSource = ViolationMessageSource,
-> extends TextRange<ValidationConditionMessageRole<Condition>> {
-	/**
-	 * - Form-defined violation messages may produce arbitrary text. This text may
-	 *   be translated
-	 *   ({@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#fn:jr:itext | `jr:itext`}),
-	 *   and it may be dynamic (translations may reference form state with
-	 *   {@link https://getodk.github.io/xforms-spec/#body-elements | `<output>`}).
-	 *
-	 * - When a form-defined violation message is not available, an engine-defined
-	 *   message will be provided in its place. Engine-defined violation messages
-	 *   are statically defined (and therefore not presently translated by the
-	 *   engine). Their static value can also be referenced as a static type, by
-	 *   checking {@link isFallbackMessage}.
-	 */
-	get asString(): ViolationMessageAsString<Source, Condition>;
+export interface ViolationMessage<Condition extends ValidationCondition> extends TextRange<
+	ValidationConditionMessageRole<Condition>
+> {
+	get asString(): string;
 }
 
 export interface ConditionSatisfied<Condition extends ValidationCondition> extends BaseValidity {
@@ -107,7 +67,7 @@ export interface ConditionSatisfied<Condition extends ValidationCondition> exten
 export interface ConditionViolation<Condition extends ValidationCondition> extends BaseValidity {
 	readonly condition: Condition;
 	readonly valid: false;
-	readonly message: ViolationMessage<Condition>;
+	readonly message: ViolationMessage<Condition> | null;
 }
 
 export type ConditionValidation<Condition extends ValidationCondition> =
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/Note.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/Note.ts
index c93eb82e0..3cc65f25b 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/Note.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/Note.ts
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import type { ValidationContext } from './internal-api/ValidationContext.ts';
 interface NoteStateSpec<V extends ValueType> extends ValueNodeStateSpec<NoteValue<V>> {
 	readonly readonly: Accessor<true>;
 	readonly noteText: ComputedNoteText;
-	readonly label: Accessor<TextRange<'label', 'form'> | null>;
-	readonly hint: Accessor<TextRange<'hint', 'form'> | null>;
+	readonly label: Accessor<TextRange<'label'> | null>;
+	readonly hint: Accessor<TextRange<'hint'> | null>;
 	readonly valueOptions: null;
 }
 
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ export class Note<V extends ValueType = ValueType>
 		this.attributeState = createAttributeState(this.scope);
 
 		let noteText: ComputedNoteText;
-		let label: Accessor<TextRange<'label', 'form'> | null>;
-		let hint: Accessor<TextRange<'hint', 'form'> | null>;
+		let label: Accessor<TextRange<'label'> | null>;
+		let hint: Accessor<TextRange<'hint'> | null>;
 
 		switch (noteTextComputation.role) {
 			case 'label': {
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/text/TextRange.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/text/TextRange.ts
index 83682f6fe..fe8a7f859 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/text/TextRange.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/instance/text/TextRange.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 import { JRResourceURL } from '@getodk/common/jr-resources/JRResourceURL.ts';
 
 import type { MarkdownNode } from '../../client/MarkdownNode.ts';
-import type {
-	TextRange as ClientTextRange,
-	TextChunk,
-	TextOrigin,
-	TextRole,
-} from '../../client/TextRange.ts';
+import type { TextRange as ClientTextRange, TextChunk, TextRole } from '../../client/TextRange.ts';
 import { format } from './markdownFormat.ts';
 
 export interface MediaSources {
@@ -15,10 +10,7 @@ export interface MediaSources {
 	audio?: JRResourceURL;
 }
 
-export class TextRange<Role extends TextRole, Origin extends TextOrigin> implements ClientTextRange<
-	Role,
-	Origin
-> {
+export class TextRange<Role extends TextRole> implements ClientTextRange<Role> {
 	*[Symbol.iterator]() {
 		yield* this.chunks;
 	}
@@ -44,7 +36,6 @@ export class TextRange<Role extends TextRole, Origin extends TextOrigin> impleme
 	}
 
 	constructor(
-		readonly origin: Origin,
 		readonly role: Role,
 		protected readonly chunks: readonly TextChunk[],
 		protected readonly mediaSources?: MediaSources
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createItemCollection.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createItemCollection.ts
index 10ebc31af..873eb3e19 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createItemCollection.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createItemCollection.ts
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ import type { ReactiveScope } from './scope.ts';
 import { createTextRange } from './text/createTextRange.ts';
 
 type ItemCollectionControl = RankControl | SelectControl;
-type DerivedItemLabel = ClientTextRange<'item-label', 'form-derived'>;
+type DerivedItemLabel = ClientTextRange<'item-label'>;
 
 const derivedItemLabel = (context: TranslationContext, value: string): DerivedItemLabel => {
 	const chunk = new TextChunk(context, 'literal', value);
 
-	return new TextRange('form-derived', 'item-label', [chunk]);
+	return new TextRange('item-label', [chunk]);
 };
 
 const createItemLabel = (
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
index 4c4bcd3c3..9b7b381ab 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/createTranslationState.ts
@@ -57,20 +57,23 @@ export const createTranslationState = (
 ): TranslationState => {
 	const activeLanguageName = evaluator.getActiveLanguage();
 	const languageNames = evaluator.getLanguages();
+	const explicitDefaultLanguageName = evaluator.getExplicitDefaultLanguage();
 
 	let defaultLanguage: ActiveLanguage;
 	let languages: FormLanguages;
 
 	if (activeLanguageName == null) {
-		defaultLanguage = { isSyntheticDefault: true, language: '' };
+		defaultLanguage = { isSyntheticDefault: true, language: '', isDefault: false };
 		languages = [defaultLanguage];
 	} else {
-		const inactiveLanguages = languageNames
-			.filter((languageName) => languageName !== activeLanguageName)
-			.map((language) => ({ language, locale: extractLocale(language) }));
+		const formLanguages = languageNames.map((language) => ({
+			language,
+			locale: extractLocale(language),
+			isDefault: language === explicitDefaultLanguageName,
+		}));
 
-		defaultLanguage = { language: activeLanguageName, locale: extractLocale(activeLanguageName) };
-		languages = [defaultLanguage, ...inactiveLanguages];
+		defaultLanguage = formLanguages.find((l) => l.language === activeLanguageName)!;
+		languages = formLanguages as [FormLanguage, ...FormLanguage[]];
 	}
 
 	const [getActiveLanguage, baseSetActiveLanguage] = createSignal(defaultLanguage);
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createFieldHint.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createFieldHint.ts
index d90f07bfd..24fcab749 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createFieldHint.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createFieldHint.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { createTextRange } from './createTextRange.ts';
 export const createFieldHint = (
 	context: EvaluationContext,
 	definition: LeafNodeDefinition
-): Accessor<TextRange<'hint', 'form'> | null> => {
+): Accessor<TextRange<'hint'> | null> => {
 	const hintDefinition = definition.bodyElement?.hint ?? null;
 
 	if (hintDefinition == null) {
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNodeLabel.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNodeLabel.ts
index 3ffe75f38..3ca0f8b34 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNodeLabel.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNodeLabel.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { createTextRange } from './createTextRange.ts';
 export const createNodeLabel = (
 	context: EvaluationContext,
 	definition: AnyNodeDefinition
-): Accessor<TextRange<'label', 'form'> | null> => {
+): Accessor<TextRange<'label'> | null> => {
 	const labelDefinition = definition.bodyElement?.label ?? null;
 
 	if (labelDefinition == null) {
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNoteText.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNoteText.ts
index 328c98b14..495c3905d 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNoteText.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createNoteText.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ import { createTextRange } from './createTextRange.ts';
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/sort-type-constituents
 export type NoteTextRole = 'label' | 'hint';
 
-export type ComputedNoteText<Role extends NoteTextRole = NoteTextRole> = Accessor<
-	TextRange<Role, 'form'>
->;
+export type ComputedNoteText<Role extends NoteTextRole = NoteTextRole> = Accessor<TextRange<Role>>;
 
 interface BaseNoteText {
 	readonly role: NoteTextRole;
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createTextRange.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createTextRange.ts
index e68cd9166..765bf6d5b 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createTextRange.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/text/createTextRange.ts
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ const createTextChunks = <Role extends TextRole>(
 	return { chunks, mediaSources };
 };
 
-type ComputedFormTextRange<Role extends TextRole> = Accessor<TextRange<Role, 'form'>>;
+type ComputedFormTextRange<Role extends TextRole> = Accessor<TextRange<Role>>;
 
 /**
  * Creates a text range (e.g. label or hint) from the provided definition, reactive to:
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ export const createTextRange = <Role extends TextRole>(
 	return context.scope.runTask(() => {
 		return createMemo(() => {
 			const chunks = createTextChunks(context, definition);
-			return new TextRange('form', role, chunks.chunks, chunks.mediaSources);
+			return new TextRange(role, chunks.chunks, chunks.mediaSources);
 		});
 	});
 };
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/validation/createValidation.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/validation/createValidation.ts
index 1e1d4be88..f9d02b115 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/validation/createValidation.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/src/lib/reactivity/validation/createValidation.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 import type { Accessor } from 'solid-js';
 import { createMemo } from 'solid-js';
 import type { OpaqueReactiveObjectFactory } from '../../../client/OpaqueReactiveObjectFactory.ts';
-import type {
-	TextRange as ClientTextRange,
-	ValidationTextRole,
-} from '../../../client/TextRange.ts';
-import { VALIDATION_TEXT } from '../../../client/constants.ts';
 import type {
 	AnyViolation,
 	ConditionSatisfied,
@@ -14,9 +9,6 @@ import type {
 	ValidationCondition,
 } from '../../../client/validation.ts';
 import type { ValidationContext } from '../../../instance/internal-api/ValidationContext.ts';
-import { TextChunk } from '../../../instance/text/TextChunk.ts';
-import { TextRange } from '../../../instance/text/TextRange.ts';
-import type { MessageDefinition } from '../../../parse/text/MessageDefinition.ts';
 import { createComputedExpression } from '../createComputedExpression.ts';
 import type {
 	SharedNodeState,
@@ -26,29 +18,6 @@ import { createSharedNodeState } from '../node-state/createSharedNodeState.ts';
 import type { ReactiveScope } from '../scope.ts';
 import { createTextRange } from '../text/createTextRange.ts';
 
-type EngineViolationMessage<Role extends ValidationTextRole> = ClientTextRange<Role, 'engine'>;
-
-const engineViolationMessage = <Role extends ValidationTextRole>(
-	context: ValidationContext,
-	role: Role
-): Accessor<EngineViolationMessage<Role>> => {
-	const messageText = VALIDATION_TEXT[role];
-	const chunk = new TextChunk(context, 'literal', messageText);
-	return () => new TextRange('engine', role, [chunk]);
-};
-
-const createViolationMessage = <Role extends ValidationTextRole>(
-	context: ValidationContext,
-	role: Role,
-	definition: MessageDefinition<Role> | null
-) => {
-	if (definition == null) {
-		return engineViolationMessage(context, role);
-	}
-
-	return createTextRange(context, role, definition);
-};
-
 // prettier-ignore
 type ComputedConditionValidation<
 	Condition extends ValidationCondition
@@ -75,7 +44,7 @@ const createConstraintValidation = (
 		const isValid = createComputedExpression(context, constraint, {
 			defaultValue: true,
 		});
-		const message = createViolationMessage(context, 'constraintMsg', constraintMsg);
+		const message = constraintMsg ? createTextRange(context, 'constraintMsg', constraintMsg) : null;
 
 		return createMemo(() => {
 			if (!context.isRelevant() || context.isBlank() || isValid()) {
@@ -85,7 +54,7 @@ const createConstraintValidation = (
 			return {
 				condition: 'constraint',
 				valid: false,
-				message: message(),
+				message: message?.() ?? null,
 			} as const;
 		});
 	});
@@ -117,7 +86,7 @@ const createRequiredValidation = (
 			return true;
 		};
 
-		const message = createViolationMessage(context, 'requiredMsg', requiredMsg);
+		const message = requiredMsg ? createTextRange(context, 'requiredMsg', requiredMsg) : null;
 
 		return createMemo(() => {
 			if (!context.isRelevant() || isValid()) {
@@ -127,7 +96,7 @@ const createRequiredValidation = (
 			return {
 				condition: 'required',
 				valid: false,
-				message: message(),
+				message: message?.() ?? null,
 			} as const;
 		});
 	});
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/test/instance/PrimaryInstance.test.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/test/instance/PrimaryInstance.test.ts
index 30b000584..22e6a5a8d 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/test/instance/PrimaryInstance.test.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/test/instance/PrimaryInstance.test.ts
@@ -131,10 +131,14 @@ describe('PrimaryInstance engine representation of instance state', () => {
 
 			expect(languages).toEqual([
 				{
+					isDefault: false,
 					language: 'English',
+					locale: undefined,
 				},
 				{
+					isDefault: false,
 					language: 'Spanish',
+					locale: undefined,
 				},
 			]);
 		});
@@ -147,7 +151,9 @@ describe('PrimaryInstance engine representation of instance state', () => {
 			});
 
 			expect(activeLanguage).toEqual({
+				isDefault: false,
 				language: 'English',
+				locale: undefined,
 			});
 		});
 
@@ -156,14 +162,18 @@ describe('PrimaryInstance engine representation of instance state', () => {
 				const root = createRootNode(mutable);
 
 				root.setLanguage({
+					isDefault: false,
 					language: 'Spanish',
+					locale: undefined,
 				});
 
 				return root.currentState;
 			});
 
 			expect(activeLanguage).toEqual({
+				isDefault: false,
 				language: 'Spanish',
+				locale: undefined,
 			});
 		});
 
@@ -172,7 +182,7 @@ describe('PrimaryInstance engine representation of instance state', () => {
 				const root = createRootNode(mutable);
 
 				try {
-					root.setLanguage({ language: 'Not supported' });
+					root.setLanguage({ isDefault: false, language: 'Not supported', locale: undefined });
 				} catch (error) {
 					return error;
 				}
@@ -199,18 +209,73 @@ describe('PrimaryInstance engine representation of instance state', () => {
 					// The above `effect` was run immediately. Assert to confirm that
 					// assumption, then revert its state to `null` so we can be sure we're
 					// testing the subsequent effect after explicitly updating the state.
-					expect(observedClientLanguage).toEqual({ language: 'English' });
+					expect(observedClientLanguage).toEqual({
+						isDefault: false,
+						language: 'English',
+						locale: undefined,
+					});
 					observedClientLanguage = null;
 
 					// Here is the actual action under test: this call should trigger the
 					// client's `effect`.
-					root.setLanguage({ language: 'Spanish' });
+					root.setLanguage({ isDefault: false, language: 'Spanish', locale: undefined });
 
 					return observedClientLanguage;
 				}
 			);
 
-			expect(lastObservedClientLanguage).toEqual({ language: 'Spanish' });
+			expect(lastObservedClientLanguage).toEqual({
+				isDefault: false,
+				language: 'Spanish',
+				locale: undefined,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('marks the explicitly-designated default language with isDefault: true', () => {
+			// prettier-ignore
+			const xform = html(
+				head(
+					title('Form title'),
+					model(
+						t('itext',
+							t('translation lang="English"', t('text id="q1:label"', t('value', '1. Question one'))),
+							t('translation lang="Spanish" default="true()"', t('text id="q1:label"', t('value', '1. Pregunta uno')))
+						),
+						mainInstance(
+							t('data id="test-form"', t('q1'))
+						),
+						bind('/data/q1').type('string')
+					)
+				),
+				body(input('/data/first-question', label('First question')))
+			);
+
+			const xformDOM = XFormDOM.from(xform.asXml());
+			const def = new XFormDefinition(xformDOM);
+
+			const languages = reactiveTestScope(({ mutable }) => {
+				return scope.runTask(
+					() =>
+						new PrimaryInstance({
+							mode: 'create',
+							initialState: null,
+							scope,
+							model: def.model,
+							secondaryInstances: SecondaryInstancesDefinition.loadSync(xformDOM),
+							config: {
+								clientStateFactory: mutable,
+								computeAttachmentName: () => null,
+								preloadProperties: {},
+								geolocationProvider: { getLocation: () => Promise.resolve('') },
+							},
+						}).root.languages
+				);
+			});
+
+			expect(languages).toEqual([
+				{ isDefault: true, language: 'Spanish', locale: undefined },
+				{ isDefault: false, language: 'English', locale: undefined },
+			]);
 		});
 	});
 
diff --git a/packages/xforms-engine/test/lib/reactivity/createAggregatedViolations.test.ts b/packages/xforms-engine/test/lib/reactivity/createAggregatedViolations.test.ts
index 92ee6b5bd..6a2d38d82 100644
--- a/packages/xforms-engine/test/lib/reactivity/createAggregatedViolations.test.ts
+++ b/packages/xforms-engine/test/lib/reactivity/createAggregatedViolations.test.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ import {
 	title,
 } from '@getodk/common/test-utils/xform-dsl/index.ts';
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
-import { VALIDATION_TEXT } from '../../../src/client/constants.ts';
-import type { ValidationCondition } from '../../../src/client/validation.ts';
+import type { ValidationCondition, ViolationMessage } from '../../../src/client/validation.ts';
 import { createInstance } from '../../../src/entrypoints/createInstance.ts';
 import { reactiveTestScope } from '../../helpers/reactive/internal.ts';
 
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 	interface SimplifiedViolation {
 		readonly condition: ValidationCondition;
 		readonly valid: false;
-		readonly message: string;
+		readonly message: ViolationMessage<ValidationCondition> | null;
 	}
 
 	interface SimplifiedViolationReference {
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -455,7 +454,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 					{
@@ -463,7 +462,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -475,7 +474,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -507,7 +506,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 							const violation: SimplifiedViolation = {
 								condition: violationReference.violation.condition,
 								valid: violationReference.violation.valid,
-								message: violationReference.violation.message.asString,
+								message: violationReference.violation.message,
 							};
 
 							return {
@@ -556,7 +555,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 					{
@@ -564,7 +563,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
@@ -576,7 +575,7 @@ describe('createAggregatedViolations - reactive aggregated `constraint` and `req
 						violation: {
 							condition: 'required',
 							valid: false,
-							message: VALIDATION_TEXT.requiredMsg,
+							message: null,
 						},
 					},
 				],
diff --git a/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsItextTranslations.ts b/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsItextTranslations.ts
index 0d3de9b98..000a6d26a 100644
--- a/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsItextTranslations.ts
+++ b/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsItextTranslations.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export type XFormsItextTranslationMap<T extends XPathNode> = ReadonlyMap<
 >;
 
 interface TranslationMetadata {
-	readonly defaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null;
+	readonly explicitDefaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null;
 	readonly languages: readonly XFormsItextTranslationLanguage[];
 }
 
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ export interface XFormsItextTranslationsState {
 	setActiveLanguage(
 		language: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null
 	): XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null;
+	/**
+	 * Returns the language explicitly designated as default by the form designer via
+	 * the `default` attribute on an `<translation>` element, or `null` if no explicit default was specified.
+	 */
+	getExplicitDefaultLanguage(): XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ export interface XFormsItextTranslationsState {
  * @see {@link XFormsItextTranslationsState} for the corresponding public interface.
  */
 export class XFormsItextTranslations<T extends XPathNode> implements XFormsItextTranslationsState {
-	protected readonly defaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null = null;
+	protected readonly explicitDefaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null = null;
 	protected readonly languages: readonly XFormsItextTranslationLanguage[] = [];
 
 	protected activeLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null = null;
@@ -87,13 +92,13 @@ export class XFormsItextTranslations<T extends XPathNode> implements XFormsItext
 
 		this.translationElementMap = translationElementMap;
 
-		const { defaultLanguage, languages } = this.getTranslationMetadata(
+		const { explicitDefaultLanguage, languages } = this.getTranslationMetadata(
 			domProvider,
 			translationElementMap
 		);
 
-		this.defaultLanguage = defaultLanguage;
-		this.activeLanguage = defaultLanguage;
+		this.explicitDefaultLanguage = explicitDefaultLanguage;
+		this.activeLanguage = explicitDefaultLanguage ?? languages[0] ?? null;
 		this.languages = languages;
 	}
 
@@ -103,21 +108,19 @@ export class XFormsItextTranslations<T extends XPathNode> implements XFormsItext
 	): TranslationMetadata {
 		const languages: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage[] = [];
 
-		let defaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null = null;
+		let explicitDefaultLanguage: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null = null;
 
 		for (const [language, element] of translationElementMap) {
-			if (defaultLanguage == null && domProvider.hasLocalNamedAttribute(element, 'default')) {
-				defaultLanguage = language;
+			if (!explicitDefaultLanguage && domProvider.hasLocalNamedAttribute(element, 'default')) {
+				explicitDefaultLanguage = language;
 				languages.unshift(language);
 			} else {
 				languages.push(language);
 			}
 		}
 
-		defaultLanguage ??= languages[0] ?? null;
-
 		return {
-			defaultLanguage,
+			explicitDefaultLanguage,
 			languages,
 		};
 	}
@@ -209,10 +212,14 @@ export class XFormsItextTranslations<T extends XPathNode> implements XFormsItext
 		return this.activeLanguage;
 	}
 
+	getExplicitDefaultLanguage(): XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null {
+		return this.explicitDefaultLanguage;
+	}
+
 	setActiveLanguage(
 		language: XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null
 	): XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null {
-		this.activeLanguage = language ?? this.defaultLanguage;
+		this.activeLanguage = language ?? this.languages[0] ?? null;
 
 		return this.activeLanguage;
 	}
diff --git a/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsXPathEvaluator.ts b/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsXPathEvaluator.ts
index 37e7e6032..9b4ae54cb 100644
--- a/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsXPathEvaluator.ts
+++ b/packages/xpath/src/xforms/XFormsXPathEvaluator.ts
@@ -155,6 +155,10 @@ export class XFormsXPathEvaluator<T extends XPathNode>
 		return this.itextTranslations.setActiveLanguage(language);
 	}
 
+	getExplicitDefaultLanguage(): XFormsItextTranslationLanguage | null {
+		return this.itextTranslations.getExplicitDefaultLanguage();
+	}
+
 	getSecondaryInstance(id: string) {
 		return this.secondaryInstancesById.get(id);
 	}