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[TOC]
7-layer OSI reference model:
| Number | Name | Desc |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Application | |
| 6 | Presentation | |
| 5 | Session | |
| 4 | Transport | |
| 3 | Network | |
| 2 | Link | |
| 1 | Physical |
5-layer Internet protocol stack:
| Number | Name | Desc |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Application | |
| 4 | Transport | |
| 3 | Network | |
| 2 | Link | |
| 1 | Physical |
The application architecture, on the other hand, is designed by the application developer and dictates how the application is structured over the various end systems.
A transport-layer protocol provides for logical communication between application processes running on different hosts.
Source and destination port-number fields in a transport-layer segment
TCP segment structure
The network layer
The link layer is implemented in a network adapter, also sometimes known as a network interface card (NIC).
Network adapter: its relationship to other host components and to protocol stack functionality
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event.
[1] James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross . COMPUTER NETWORKING: A Top-Down Approach . 6ED