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| 1 | +--- |
| 2 | +authority_id: bgn |
| 3 | +id: 1962 |
| 4 | +language: jpn |
| 5 | +source_script: Hrkt |
| 6 | +destination_script: Latn |
| 7 | +name: BGN (Modified Hepburn) System |
| 8 | +url: |
| 9 | +creation_date: 1930 |
| 10 | +adoption_date: 1962 |
| 11 | +description: | |
| 12 | + The BGN (Modified Hepburn) System for the transliteration of Japanese |
| 13 | + has been in use by the Board on Geographic Names since about 1930 and |
| 14 | + has been extensively employed in the systematic standardsization of |
| 15 | + thousands of geographic names of Japan in romanized form. |
| 16 | +
|
| 17 | +notes: | |
| 18 | +
|
| 19 | + 1. The "tsu" forms (ツ/つ) are also used to indicate a double consonant and |
| 20 | + are generally (but not alwyas) written in smaller script or type |
| 21 | + slightly to the right of or below the regular line. These characters |
| 22 | + are trasnliterated as k before k; s before s or sh; t before t, ts, or |
| 23 | + ch; and p before p. Occasionally, when a "ku" (ク/く) or "ki" (キ/き) form |
| 24 | + precedes k, the u in ku or the i in ki is dropped. |
| 25 | +
|
| 26 | + 2. The transliterations in parentheses are used in specific cases when |
| 27 | + the kana symbol is known to be so pronounced. |
| 28 | +
|
| 29 | + 3. The transliteration m is used before b, p, and m. |
| 30 | +
|
| 31 | + 4. This letter has been added for the use in transliterating foreign |
| 32 | + words. |
| 33 | +
|
| 34 | + 5. The asterisk (*) indicates standard combined forms. Those combined |
| 35 | + forms not so marked are rarely used. |
| 36 | +
|
| 37 | + ---- |
| 38 | +
|
| 39 | + Additional Notes: |
| 40 | +
|
| 41 | + a. Despite the mentioning of the term "Modified Hepburn in the |
| 42 | + specification, the handling of ん/ン in this standard is different from |
| 43 | + Modified Hepburn. It follows the Traditional Hepburn in that the |
| 44 | + letter m is used before b, m, p. |
| 45 | +
|
| 46 | + b. This document includes obsolete (pre-reform) combinations. |
| 47 | +
|
| 48 | + c. There is no discussion on how cross-morpheme vowel sounds should be |
| 49 | + handled. |
| 50 | +
|
| 51 | +tests: |
| 52 | + # Note: these test cases follow the pre-reform standard. |
| 53 | + - source: "けふ" |
| 54 | + expected: "kyō" |
| 55 | + - source: "ぎうにう" |
| 56 | + expected: "gyūnyū" |
| 57 | + - source: "きふ" # きふ should always be kifu in Modern Japanese |
| 58 | + expected: "kyū" |
| 59 | + - source: "ちう" |
| 60 | + expected: "chū" |
| 61 | + - source: "けう" |
| 62 | + expected: "kyō" |
| 63 | + |
| 64 | +map: |
| 65 | + |
| 66 | + inherit: var-jpn-Hrkt-Latn-hepburn-1954 |
| 67 | + |
| 68 | + rules: |
| 69 | + # Convert ん into m before b, m, p |
| 70 | + - pattern: "[んン](?=[ばびぶべぼまみむめもぱぴぷぺぽバビブベボマミムメモパピプペポ])" |
| 71 | + result: "m" |
| 72 | + postrules: |
| 73 | + # Handle obsolete forms |
| 74 | + # Note that these forms are present in the rules, but will break |
| 75 | + # if used with Modern Japanese |
| 76 | + - pattern: "ef?[uo]|iyau" |
| 77 | + result: "yō" |
| 78 | + - pattern: "if?u" |
| 79 | + result: "yū" |
| 80 | + - pattern: "[ao]f?[uo]" |
| 81 | + result: "ō" |
| 82 | + - pattern: "iy" |
| 83 | + result: "y" |
| 84 | + - pattern: "ty" |
| 85 | + result: "ch" |
| 86 | + - pattern: "dy" |
| 87 | + result: "j" |
| 88 | + - pattern: "[jz]y" |
| 89 | + result: "j" |
| 90 | + - pattern: "(?<=[sc])hy" |
| 91 | + result: "h" |
| 92 | + - pattern: "sy" |
| 93 | + result: "sh" |
| 94 | + |
| 95 | + characters: |
| 96 | + # ke |
| 97 | + # These are listed as alternative pronunciation, but in fact this usage of ヶ |
| 98 | + # as the archaic possessive marker is not found in Kana only texts. |
| 99 | + # Also it is always typed using the smaller form. (ヶ U+30F6) |
| 100 | + "け": ["ke", "ga", "ka", "ko"] |
| 101 | + "ケ": ["ke", ga", "ka", "ko"] |
| 102 | + "ヶ": ["ga", "ka", "ko"] |
| 103 | + |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | + # The Ha-column |
| 106 | + # は is still pronounced as wa when used as a particle, |
| 107 | + # the alternative pronunciations for the other four kana's are obsolete. |
| 108 | + "は": ["ha", "wa"] |
| 109 | + "ひ": ["hi", "i"] |
| 110 | + "ふ": ["fu", "u", "o"] |
| 111 | + "へ": ["he", "e"] |
| 112 | + "ほ": ["ho", "o"] |
| 113 | + "ハ": ["ha", "wa"] |
| 114 | + "ヒ": ["hi", "i"] |
| 115 | + "フ": ["fu", "u", "o"] |
| 116 | + "ヘ": ["he", "e"] |
| 117 | + "ホ": ["ho", "o"] |
| 118 | + |
| 119 | + |
| 120 | + # The Wa-column |
| 121 | + # These two kanas below are only used in pre-reform texts. |
| 122 | + "ゐ" : "i" |
| 123 | + "ゑ" : "e" |
| 124 | + "ヰ" : "i" |
| 125 | + "ヱ" : "e" |
| 126 | + |
| 127 | + # Combined forms |
| 128 | + # These are obsolete forms. See Note 5. |
| 129 | + # They can be handled by post-rules if ever needed. |
| 130 | + # "あう": "ō" |
| 131 | + # "あふ": "ō" |
| 132 | + # "いふ": "yū" |
| 133 | + # "えう": "yō" |
| 134 | + # "えふ": "yō" |
| 135 | + # "おふ": "ō" |
| 136 | + # "かう": "kō" |
| 137 | + # "かふ": "kō" |
| 138 | + # "がう": "gō" |
| 139 | + # "がふ": "gō" |
| 140 | + # "きう": "kyū" |
| 141 | + # "きふ": "kyū" |
| 142 | + # "きやう": "kyō" |
| 143 | + # "ぎう": "gyū" |
| 144 | + # "ぎふ": "gyū" |
| 145 | + # "ぎやう": "gyō" |
| 146 | + "くわ": "ka" |
| 147 | + "くわう": "kō" |
| 148 | + "ぐわ": "ga" |
| 149 | + "ぐわう": "gō" |
| 150 | + "クワ": "ka" |
| 151 | + "クワウ": "kō" |
| 152 | + "グワ": "ga" |
| 153 | + "グワウ": "gō" |
| 154 | + # "けう": "kyō" |
| 155 | + # "けふ": "kyō" |
| 156 | + # "げう": "gyō" |
| 157 | + # "げふ": "gyō" |
| 158 | + # "こふ": "kō" |
| 159 | + # "ごふ": "gō" |
| 160 | + # "さう": "sō" |
| 161 | + # "さふ": "sō" |
| 162 | + # "ざう": "zō" |
| 163 | + # "ざふ": "zō" |
| 164 | + # "しう": "shū" |
| 165 | + # "しふ": "shū" |
| 166 | + # "しやう": "shō" |
| 167 | + # "じう": "jū" |
| 168 | + # "じふ": "jū" |
| 169 | + # "じやう": "jō" |
| 170 | + # "せう": "shō" |
| 171 | + # "せふ": "shō" |
| 172 | + # "ぜう": "jō" |
| 173 | + # "ぜふ": "jō" |
| 174 | + # "そふ": "sō" |
| 175 | + # "ぞふ": "zō" |
| 176 | + # "たう": "tō" |
| 177 | + # "たふ": "tō" |
| 178 | + # "だう": "dō" |
| 179 | + # "だふ": "dō" |
| 180 | + # "ちう": "chū" |
| 181 | + # "ちふ": "chū" |
| 182 | + # "ちやう": "chō" |
| 183 | + # "ぢう": "jū" |
| 184 | + # "ぢふ": "jū" |
| 185 | + # "ぢや": "ja" |
| 186 | + # "ぢやう": "jō" |
| 187 | + # "ぢゆ": "ju" |
| 188 | + # "ぢよ": "jo" |
| 189 | + # "ぢよう": "jō" |
| 190 | + # "てう": "chō" |
| 191 | + # "てふ": "chō" |
| 192 | + # "でう": "jō" |
| 193 | + # "でふ": "jō" |
| 194 | + # "とふ": "tō" |
| 195 | + # "どふ": "dō" |
| 196 | + # "なう": "nō" |
| 197 | + # "なふ": "nō" |
| 198 | + # "にう": "nyū" |
| 199 | + # "にふ": "nyū" |
| 200 | + # "にやう": "nyō" |
| 201 | + # "ねう": "nyō" |
| 202 | + # "ねふ": "nyō" |
| 203 | + # "のふ": "nō" |
| 204 | + # "はう": ["hō","ō"] |
| 205 | + # "はふ": "hō" |
| 206 | + # "ばふ": "bō" |
| 207 | + # "ばう": "bō" |
| 208 | + # "ぱう": "pō" |
| 209 | + # "ぱふ": "pō" |
| 210 | + # "ひう": "hyū" |
| 211 | + # "ひふ": "hyū" |
| 212 | + # "ひやう": "hyō" |
| 213 | + # "びう": "byū" |
| 214 | + # "びふ": "byū" |
| 215 | + # "びやう": "byō" |
| 216 | + # "ぴう": "pyū" |
| 217 | + # "ぴふ": "pyū" |
| 218 | + # "ぴやう": "pyō" |
| 219 | + # "へう": "hyō" |
| 220 | + # "へふ": "hyō" |
| 221 | + # "べう": "byō" |
| 222 | + # "べふ": "byō" |
| 223 | + # "ぺう": "pyō" |
| 224 | + # "ぺふ": "pyō" |
| 225 | + # "ほふ": "hō" |
| 226 | + # "ぼふ": "bō" |
| 227 | + # "ぽふ": "pō" |
| 228 | + # "まう": "mō" |
| 229 | + # "まふ": "mō" |
| 230 | + # "まを": "mō" |
| 231 | + # "みやう": "myō" |
| 232 | + # "みう": "myū" |
| 233 | + # "みふ": "myū" |
| 234 | + # "めう": "myō" |
| 235 | + # "めふ": "myō" |
| 236 | + # "めを": "myō" |
| 237 | + # "もふ": "mō" |
| 238 | + # "やう": "yō" |
| 239 | + # "やふ": "yō" |
| 240 | + # "よふ": "yō" |
| 241 | + # "らう": "rō" |
| 242 | + # "らふ": "rō" |
| 243 | + # "りう": "ryū" |
| 244 | + # "りふ": "ryū" |
| 245 | + # "りやう": "ryō" |
| 246 | + # "れう": "ryō" |
| 247 | + # "れふ": "ryō" |
| 248 | + # "ろふ": "rō" |
| 249 | + # "わう": "wō" |
| 250 | + # "わふ": "wō" |
| 251 | + # "ゑふ": "yō" |
| 252 | + # "をう": "ō" |
| 253 | + # "をふ": "ō" |
| 254 | + |
| 255 | + |
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