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The BGN/PCGN system for Armenian was designed for use in romanizing
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names written in the Armenian alphabet. The Roman letters and letter
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The BGN/PCGN system for Armenian was designed for use in romanizing
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names written in the Armenian alphabet. The Roman letters and letter
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combinations shown as equivalents to the Armenian characters reflect
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the eastern variety of Armenian, i.e. the language spoken in the
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Republic of Armenia.
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notes:
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- The character ե should be romanized ye initially and after the vowel characters ա, ե, է, ը, ի, ո, ու and օ. In all other instances, it should be romanized e.
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- The character ո should be romanized vo initially except in the word ով, which should be roman- ized ov. In all other instances, it should be romanized o.
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- The characters ԵՎ , եւ and եւ should be romanized yev initially, in isolation, and after the vowel characters ա, ե, է, ը, ի, ո, ու, and օ. In all other instances these characters should be romanized ev.
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- All apostrophes appearing in Armenian romanization are encoded Unicode 2019.
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- The Romanization column shows only lowercase forms but, when romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should be used.
This System was adopted by the BGN in 1946 and by the PCGN in 1956
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and is applied in the systematic romanization of geographic names in
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Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
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This System was adopted by the BGN in 1946 and by the PCGN in 1956
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and is applied in the systematic romanization of geographic names in
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Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
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Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
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Uniform results in the romanization of Arabic are difficult to
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obtain, since vowel points and diacritical marks are generally omitted
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from both manual and machine writing. It follows that for correct
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identification of the words which appear in any particular name,
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knowledge of its standard Arabic- script spelling including proper
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pointing, and recognition of dialectal and idiosyncratic deviations are
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Uniform results in the romanization of Arabic are difficult to
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obtain, since vowel points and diacritical marks are generally omitted
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from both manual and machine writing. It follows that for correct
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identification of the words which appear in any particular name,
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knowledge of its standard Arabic- script spelling including proper
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pointing, and recognition of dialectal and idiosyncratic deviations are
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essential.
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In order to bring about uniformity in the Roman-script spelling of
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geographic names in Arabic- language areas, the system is based insofar
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as possible on fully pointed modern standard Arabic. In the interest of
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clarity, vowel pointing has been applied to the examples below. Arabic
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is written from right to left, and does not make a distinction between
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In order to bring about uniformity in the Roman-script spelling of
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geographic names in Arabic- language areas, the system is based insofar
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as possible on fully pointed modern standard Arabic. In the interest of
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clarity, vowel pointing has been applied to the examples below. Arabic
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is written from right to left, and does not make a distinction between
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upper and lower case.
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notes:
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notes:
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- The symbol ◌ represents any Arabic consonant character.
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- "Hamzah (ء) is written in Arabic in association with most instances of initial alif, except those which belong to the definite article al or which bear a maddah (see note 11). Hamzah is written above the alif if the accompanying short vowel is a fatḩah (َأ) or ḑammah (ُأ) and below the alif if the accompanying short vowel is a kasrah (ِإ). When the purpose is to indicate the presence of a glottal stop, hamzah is written over medial and final alif (أ), wāw (ؤ) and yā’ without dots (ئ). Hamzah following kasrah (◌ِ ) is written (ئ). Almost always the yā’ is in the initial or medial form and the dots are omitted: example: (بئر). Hamzah following ḑammah (◌ُ )is written (ؤ). Hamzah following a long vowel is written without a bearer and is positioned on the line of print like a regular character. The romanization of hamzah (’) should always be carefully distinguished from that of ‘ayn (‘)."
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- Alif as such is not romanized when it is a bearer of hamzah, but see fatḩah alif (ا◌َ ) and alif maddah .in the vowel table. See also note 2 and 11 above ) آ (
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