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Backend Plugins

Backend Contract

There exists a backend contract between libelektra-kdb and any plugin acting as a backend plugin. This contract describes:

  • the order of the phases (see kdb-operations.md)
  • the interactions between a backend plugin and libelektra-kdb.
sequenceDiagram
    actor user
    participant kdb as libelektra-kdb
    participant backend as backend
    participant other as other-backend
    participant storage
    participant validation
    participant sa as storage-unit-a (e.g. file)
    participant sb as storage-unit-b (e.g. database)

    user->>+kdb: kdbGet
    kdb->>backend: init
    kdb->>other: init
    kdb->>+backend: resolver
    backend->>-kdb: "storage-unit-a", update needed
    kdb->>+other: resolver
    other->>-kdb: "storage-unit-b", no update needed
    kdb->>backend: prestorage
    kdb->>+backend: storage
    backend->>+storage: #
    storage->>+sa: #
    sa-->>-storage: #
    storage-->>-backend: #
    backend-->>-kdb: #
    kdb->>+backend: poststorage
    backend->>+validation: #
    validation-->>-backend: #
    backend-->>-kdb: #
    kdb->>kdb: merge backends
    kdb-->>-user: #
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sequenceDiagram
    actor user
    participant kdb as libelektra-kdb
    participant backend as backend
    participant other as other-backend
    participant storage
    participant validation
    participant sa as storage-unit-a (e.g. file)

    user->>+kdb: kdbSet
    kdb->>kdb: check backends initialized
    kdb->>+backend: resolver
    backend-->>-kdb: "storage-unit-a"
    critical try to store
      kdb->>+backend: prestorage
      backend->>+validation: #
      validation-->>-backend: #
      backend-->>-kdb: #
      kdb->>+backend: storage
      backend->>+storage: #
      storage->>+sa: write to temp
      sa-->>-storage: #
      storage-->>-backend: #
      backend-->>-kdb: #
      kdb->>backend: poststorage
      kdb->>backend: precommit
      backend->>sa: make changes permanent
      kdb->>+backend: commit
      backend-->-kdb: #
      kdb->>backend: postcommit
    option on failure
      kdb->>backend: prerollback
      kdb->>+backend: rollback
      backend->>sa: revert changes
      backend-->>-kdb: #
      kdb->>backend: postrollback
    end
    kdb-->>-user: #
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The diagrams above show some typical sequences of phases during a get and a set operation. For each of the phases of a get operation libelektra-kdb calls the backend plugin's elektra<Plugin>Get function once. Similarly, for the phases of a set operation elektra<Plugin>Set is called once. The backend plugin can also (optionally) delegate to other plugins.

The current phase is communicated to the backend plugin (and any other plugin) via the global keyset. It can be retrieved via the elektraPluginGetPhase function.

parentKey

The key parentKey that is given to the backend plugin as an input at various points, must be treated carefully. All modifications to this key will be propagated to the parentKey that was used to call kdbGet.

The name of the parentKey is marked read-only and therefore cannot be changed. The value and metadata can, and in some cases must be, changed. Importantly however, there are no guarantees that the metadata of parentKey can be changed arbitrarily.

Operation get

The get operation is mandatory and all backend plugins must implement it.

Initialization Phase

During the init phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • A key parentKey whose name is the root of the mountpoint configuration (e.g. system:/elektra/mountpoints/system:\/hosts) and whose value is an empty string. The key name and value of this key are read-only. The name of parentKey is chosen to make it easier for the plugin to produce good error messages.
  • A keyset definition containing the mountpoint definition. To make things easier for the plugin, keys in definition are renamed to be below system:/. For example, if the key system:/elektra/mountpoints/system:\/hosts/path is set in the KDB, then definition will contain a key system:/path.
  • Additionally, the plugins for the current mountpoint are opened by libelektra-kdb and provided to the backend plugin via the global keyset. They can be accessed via the elektraPluginFromMountpoint function.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST parse the mountpoint definition and store the necessary information for later phases internally.
  • SHOULD validate that the mountpoint definition can be valid.
  • SHOULD NOT do other validation. For example a file-based backend, should not check whether the file(s) or path(s) referenced in the mountpoint definition exist. Such a check should be done in the resolver phase.
  • MAY decide that the mountpoint should be read-only. If so, this must be indicated to libelektra-kdb via the return value.

This phase exists purely for the backend plugin to initialize and configure itself for the mountpoint.

Note: This phase is only executed once per instance of KDB. Only the first kdbGet() call will result in libelektra-kdb executing this phase, all future calls to kdbGet() (and kdbSet()) start with the resolver phase. The backend plugin must store the necessary information contained in the mountpoint definition internally to accommodate this.

Resolver Phase

During the resolver phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • A key parentKey whose name is the parent key of the mountpoint and whose value is an empty string. The key name of this key is read-only.
  • An empty keyset ks.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST set the value of the parentKey to a value identifying the storage unit (the storage identifier) that contains the data of the mountpoint. For file-based backend plugins, this means setting the value of parentKey to an absolute filename.
  • MAY set additional metadata on parentKey, if it is not suitable to encode the information required for the following phases as a single string.

Note: The backend plugin may also modify the keyset ks, but libelektra-kdb will discard this keyset after this phase, so these modifications won't have any effects.

During a set operation, the backend plugin must ensure

  • that errors in the storage phases can be safely rolled back and
  • that the set operation does not affect concurrent operations. For file-based backends, this means creating a temporary storage file and returning its absolute filename instead of the name of the actual storage file. In other words, in a set operation the resolver phase is also about preparing a transaction in addition to resolving the storage unit.

Cache-Check Phase

Implementing this phase is optional. If a backend plugin does not support caching, it should immediately return a value indicating that the cache is invalid. If there is no cache entry for this backend, libelektra-kdb skips this phase.

During the cachecheck phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the resolver phase of this get operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only. Additionally, the metakey internal/kdb/cachehandle is set to a value indicating the cache handle (usually modification time) of the cache entry.
  • An empty keyset ks.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST indicate via the return value, whether the cache entry for this backend is still valid.

Note: The backend plugin may also modify the keyset ks, but libelektra-kdb will discard this keyset after this phase, so these modifications won't have any effects.

Storage Phases

These phases are responsible for reading and validating the actual data stored in the KDB.

In the prestorage phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the resolver phase of this get operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • An empty keyset ks.

There are no restrictions on what the backend plugin may do in this phase, but just like in the resolver phase, change to ks will be discarded. This phase is useful for file-level manipulations, like file-based encryption, line ending conversion or verifying file signatures. In this sense, it is the counter-part of the precommit phase of the set operation.

The storage phase is for reading the actual data. In this phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the prestorage phase of this get operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • An empty keyset ks.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST read the data for the mountpoint from the storage unit that was selected in the resolver phase.
  • MUST parse that data and insert it below parentKey into ks.

The last of the storage phases is the poststorage phase. In this phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the storage phase of this get operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact ks that was returned by the storage phase of this get operation.

Again there are no restrictions on what the backend plugin may do in this phase. However, unlike the prestorage phase, this phase is a very important one. It is where validation, generation of implicit values and similar tasks happen.

Finally, libelektra-kdb merges the keyset returned by the poststorage phase with the ones returned by other backend plugins for different mountpoints and then returns it to the user.

Operation set

The set operation is optional. A mountpoint is automatically read-only and doesn't support the set operation, if the backend plugin does not define a elektra<Plugin>Set function.

Alternatively, the read-only nature of the mountpoint may also be indicated by the backend plugin during the init phase of the get operation.

Resolver Phase

During the resolver phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the resolver phase of the last get or set operation. The key name of this key is read-only.
  • An empty keyset ks.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST set the value of the parentKey to a value identifying the storage unit that contains the data of the mountpoint. For file-based backend plugins, this means setting the value of parentKey to an absolute filename.
  • MAY set metadata on parentKey, if it is not suitable to encode the information required for the following phases as a single string.
  • MUST check whether the data was changed since the last get operation. The result of this check is given to libelektra-kdb via the return value of the get function.
  • MUST ensure that errors in the storage phases can be safely rolled back and that the set operation does not affect concurrent operations. For file-based backends, this means creating a temporary storage file and returning its absolute filename instead of the name of the actual storage file.

Note: The backend plugin may also modify the keyset ks, but libelektra-kdb will discard this keyset after this phase, so these modifications won't have any effects.

Storage Phases

These phases are responsible for validating and writing data to the KDB.

In the prestorage phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the resolver phase of this set operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact subset below parentKey of the keyset ks that was provided by the user.

There are no restrictions on what the backend plugin may do in this phase. This phase can be used for validation to avoid storing invalid configuration. However, it should not be used for generating keys or values implicitly defined by other keys. Such keys should be generated during the poststorage phase of a get operation and should actually be removed again in this phase. That way there cannot be conflicts, if a key that implies another keys value changes.

Note: Just in case there is actually a use case, where keys have to be generated, removed or modified during this phase, we do not discard changes to ks (like we would do in a get operation).

The storage phase is for writing the actual data. In this phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the prestorage phase of this set operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact keyset ks that was returned by the prestorage phase of this set operation. All keys in this keyset and the keyset itself are fully read-only.

The backend plugin then:

  • MUST serialize the data at and below parentKey in ks.

  • MUST write the data for the mountpoint into the storage unit that was selected in the resolver phase.

  • MUST ensure that the data is written in such a way that

    • it can be read, if the storage unit is mounted at another mountpoint
    • that reading such a mountpoint will result in the same data just below a different parent key

    An important implication here is that all names inside storage units should be relative to the parent key.

The last of the storage phases is the poststorage phase. In this phase the backend plugin is called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the storage phase of this set operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact keyset ks that was returned by the storage phase of this set operation. All keys in this keyset and the keyset itself are fully read-only.

There are no formal restrictions, other than those enforced by parentKey and ks being (partially) read-only. But the poststorage phase should not be used as a counter-part to the prestorage phase in the get operation. Use the precommit phase instead. Therefore, the poststorage phase has very little use cases other than logging and exists mostly because of symmetry.

Commit Phases (set only)

If all storage phases completed successfully, libelektra-kdb will continue with calling the commit phases. Even though the commit phases are part of the set operation, libelektra-kdb calls elektra<Plugin>Commit and not elektra<Plugin>Set for these phases.

All the commit phases (precommit, commit, postcommit) are called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the previous phase (poststorage, precommit or commit) of this set operation. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact keyset ks that was returned by the poststorage phase of this set operation (which is the same one that was returned by the prestorage phase). All keys in this keyset and the keyset itself are fully read-only.

There are no restrictions on the precommit phase, other than those enforced by parentKey and ks being (partially) read-only. This phase can be used for file-level manipulations, like file-based encryption, line ending conversion or adding file signatures. In this sense, it is the counter-part of the prestorage phase of the get operation.

In the commit phase the backend plugin:

  • MUST make the changes done during the storage phase of this set operation permanent in such a way that a following get operation will be able to read them (assuming there is no other set operation in between).

There are no restrictions on what the backend plugin may do in the postcommit phase. However, it is important to keep in mind that an error in the postcommit phase will not make the set operation fail. Once the commit phase completes successfully, the set operation is also deemed successful, since the changes were made permanent. If an error does occur in the postcommit phase, it is reported as warning. This makes the postcommit phase mostly useful for logging.

Finally, libelektra-kdb merges the keyset returned by the postcommit phase (still the same one that was returned by the prestorage phase) with the ones returned by other backend plugins for different mountpoints and then returns it to the user.

Rollback Phases (set only)

If any of the phases prestorage, storage, poststorage, precommit or commit fail, libelektra-kdb will continue with the rollback phases. Even though the rollback phases are part of the set operation, libelektra-kdb calls elektra<Plugin>Error and not elektra<Plugin>Set for these phases.

Similar to the commit phases, the rollback phases (prerollback, rollback and postrollback) are called with:

  • The exact parentKey that was returned by the phase of this set operation that reported an error. The key name and value of this key are read-only.
  • The exact keyset ks that was returned by the phase of this set operation that reported an error. All keys in this keyset and the keyset itself are fully read-only.

Additionally, the phase that reported an error is communicated to the backend plugin via the global keyset (together with the current phase). The value of the key system:/elektra/kdb/backend/failedphase is set to the failed phase.

The prerollback and postrollback phases are mostly useful for logging. There are no restrictions on these phases, other than those enforced by parentKey and ks being (partially) read-only. However, they are similar to the postcommit phase, in that any errors they report will be ignored and reported as warnings. In particular, even if the prerollback phase fails, libelektra-kdb will continue with the rollback phase as if prerollback succeeded.

In the rollback phase the backend plugin:

  • MUST revert all changes made to the state of the storage unit chosen in the resolver phase of this set operation. For file-based backends, this means removing the temporary file.
  • MUST ensure that a following get or set operation will act as if the failed set operation never happened.
  • MAY act differently depending on which phase failed.

Finally, libelektra-kdb will restore ks to the state in which the user provided it and return.