diff --git a/.github/workflows/credit.yml b/.github/workflows/credit.yml
index d31ddeb7abd..013e27e7214 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/credit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/credit.yml
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ jobs:
           set -xeo pipefail
           git config --global user.email "50266005+mne-bot@users.noreply.github.com"
           git config --global user.name "mne[bot]"
-          BRANCH=credit/$GITHUB_RUN_ID
+          BRANCH=credit/$(date '+%Y%m%d')
           git checkout -b $BRANCH
           git commit -am "mne[bot]: Update code credit"
           git push origin $BRANCH
-          PR_NUM=$(gh pr create --base main --head $BRANCH --title "MAINT: Update code credit" --body "Created by credit [GitHub action](https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}). <br> <br> *Adjustments may need to be made to \`doc/changes/credit_tools.py\` or \`.mailmap\` etc. to get CircleCI to pass.*" --label "no-changelog-entry-needed")
+          PR_NUM=$(gh pr create --base main --head $BRANCH --title "MAINT: Update code credit" --body "Created by credit [GitHub action](https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}). <br> <br> *Adjustments may need to be made to \`doc/sphinxext/credit_tools.py\` or \`.mailmap\` etc. to get CircleCI to pass.*" --label "no-changelog-entry-needed")
           echo "Opened https://github.com/mne-tools/mne-python/pull/${PR_NUM}" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
         if: steps.status.outputs.dirty == 'true'
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index f5bb38fe0b4..0f7caad8b04 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Andrew Dykstra <andrew.r.dykstra@gmail.com>
 Andrew Quinn <AJQuinn@users.noreply.github.com> AJQuinn <AJQuinn@users.noreply.github.com>
 Andy Gilbert <7andy121@gmail.com> Andrew Gilbert <adgilbert21@icloud.com>
 Andy Gilbert <7andy121@gmail.com> Andrew Gilbert <andrew.gilbert@irhythmtech.com>
+Aniket Singh Yadav <148300120+Aniketsy@users.noreply.github.com> Aniket <148300120+Aniketsy@users.noreply.github.com>
 Anna Padee <anna.padee@gmail.com> apadee <44297909+apadee@users.noreply.github.com>
 Anne-Sophie Dubarry <as_dub@hotmail.com> annesodub <as_dub@hotmail.com>
 Archit Singhal <43236121+architsinghal-mriirs@users.noreply.github.com> archit singhal <zyphergiest@pop-os.localdomain>
diff --git a/doc/_includes/institutional-partners.rst b/doc/_includes/institutional-partners.rst
index 89586058cf0..3316670b7b6 100644
--- a/doc/_includes/institutional-partners.rst
+++ b/doc/_includes/institutional-partners.rst
@@ -14,31 +14,31 @@ Current partners
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 - `Aalto-yliopiston perustieteiden korkeakoulu <https://sci.aalto.fi/>`_
-- `AE Studio <https://ae.studio/>`_
-- `Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging <https://martinos.org/>`_
-- `Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute <https://www.research.chop.edu/imaging/>`_
 - `Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour at Radboud University <https://www.ru.nl/donders/>`_
-- `Harvard Medical School <https://hms.harvard.edu/>`_
-- `Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique <https://www.inria.fr/>`_
 - `Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz <https://www.uni-graz.at/>`_
-- `Massachusetts General Hospital <https://www.massgeneral.org/>`_
-- `Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung <https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/>`_
-- `SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny <https://www.swps.pl/>`_
 - `University of Washington <https://www.washington.edu/>`_
 
 Former partners
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 - `Aarhus Universitet <https://www.au.dk/>`_
+- `AE Studio <https://ae.studio/>`_
+- `Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging <https://martinos.org/>`_
 - `Berkeley Institute for Data Science <https://bids.berkeley.edu/>`_
 - `Boston University <https://www.bu.edu/>`_
+- `Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute <https://www.research.chop.edu/imaging/>`_
 - `Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives <https://www.cea.fr/>`_
 - `Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva <https://fcbg.ch/>`_
 - `Forschungszentrum Jülich <https://www.fz-juelich.de/>`_
+- `Harvard Medical School <https://hms.harvard.edu/>`_
 - `Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière <https://icm-institute.org/>`_
 - `Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale <https://www.inserm.fr/>`_
+- `Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique <https://www.inria.fr/>`_
+- `Massachusetts General Hospital <https://www.massgeneral.org/>`_
 - `Massachusetts Institute of Technology <https://web.mit.edu/>`_
+- `Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung <https://www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/>`_
 - `Macquarie University <https://www.mq.edu.au/>`_
 - `New York University <https://www.nyu.edu/>`_
+- `SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny <https://www.swps.pl/>`_
 - `Technische Universität Ilmenau <https://www.tu-ilmenau.de/>`_
 - `Télécom ParisTech <https://www.telecom-paris.fr/>`_
diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/13674.other.rst b/doc/changes/dev/13674.other.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..576f70dcf57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changes/dev/13674.other.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Improve documentation of return values to clarify that methods typically return the original instance type for chaining purposes, by `Aniket Singh Yadav`_.
diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index 126d8f365a1..0d9fe79346e 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -318,13 +318,18 @@
 numpydoc_xref_ignore = {
     # words
     "and",
+    "as",
     "between",
+    "data",
     "instance",
     "instances",
+    "input",
     "of",
     "default",
+    "same",
     "shape",
     "or",
+    "the",
     "with",
     "length",
     "pair",
@@ -987,7 +992,7 @@ def fix_sklearn_inherited_docstrings(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
             klass="only-dark",
         ),
         dict(
-            name="Commissariat à l´énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives",  # noqa E501
+            name="Commissariat à l´énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives",
             img="CEA.png",
             url="http://www.cea.fr/",
             size=md,
@@ -1092,7 +1097,7 @@ def fix_sklearn_inherited_docstrings(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
             klass="only-dark",
         ),
         dict(
-            name="Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique",  # noqa E501
+            name="Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique",
             img="inria.png",
             url="https://www.inria.fr/",
             size=xl,
@@ -1212,7 +1217,7 @@ def fix_sklearn_inherited_docstrings(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
         ),
         dict(
             title="Machine Learning",
-            text="Advanced decoding models including time general\u00adiza\u00adtion.",  # noqa E501
+            text="Advanced decoding models including time general\u00adiza\u00adtion.",
             url="auto_tutorials/machine-learning/50_decoding.html",
             img="sphx_glr_50_decoding_006.png",
             alt="Decoding",
@@ -1226,14 +1231,14 @@ def fix_sklearn_inherited_docstrings(app, what, name, obj, options, lines):
         ),
         dict(
             title="Statistics",
-            text="Parametric and non-parametric, permutation tests and clustering.",  # noqa E501
+            text="Parametric and non-parametric, permutation tests and clustering.",
             url="auto_tutorials/stats-source-space/index.html",
             img="sphx_glr_20_cluster_1samp_spatiotemporal_001.png",
             alt="Clusters",
         ),
         dict(
             title="Connectivity",
-            text="All-to-all spectral and effective connec\u00adtivity measures.",  # noqa E501
+            text="All-to-all spectral and effective connec\u00adtivity measures.",
             url="https://mne.tools/mne-connectivity/stable/auto_examples/mne_inverse_label_connectivity.html",  # noqa E501
             img="https://mne.tools/mne-connectivity/stable/_images/sphx_glr_mne_inverse_label_connectivity_001.png",  # noqa E501
             alt="Connectivity",
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/credit_tools.py b/doc/sphinxext/credit_tools.py
index 8f8b8c00a22..4526a85838f 100644
--- a/doc/sphinxext/credit_tools.py
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/credit_tools.py
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
     "akshay0724": "Akshay",  # 4046, TODO: Check singleton
     "alexandra.corneyllie": "Alexandra Corneyllie",  # 7600
     "alexandra": "Alexandra Corneyllie",  # 7600
+    "Aniket": "Aniket Singh Yadav",  # 13672
     "AnneSo": "Anne-Sophie Dubarry",  # 4910
     "Basile": "Basile Pinsard",  # 1791
     "Bru": "Bruno Aristimunha",  # 13489
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13024.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13024.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4feede48648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13024.json
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "a5bf268a1a8645a6b4addc467dec70eb0ec26ce3",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Victor Férat",
+      "e": "victor.ferat@live.Fr"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Marijn van Vliet",
+      "e": "w.m.vanvliet@gmail.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13024.bugfix.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/bem.py": {
+      "a": 61,
+      "d": 29
+    },
+    "mne/commands/mne_make_scalp_surfaces.py": {
+      "a": 8,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/commands/tests/test_commands.py": {
+      "a": 102,
+      "d": 24
+    },
+    "mne/tests/test_bem.py": {
+      "a": 25,
+      "d": 3
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13196.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13196.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cc4498f8c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13196.json
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "437d79be7c5fb855a81d44da30bf9a51c9f60413",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Konstantinos Tsilimparis",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/api/preprocessing.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/dev/13196.newfeature.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/names.inc": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "examples/preprocessing/interpolate_to.py": {
+      "a": 71,
+      "d": 4
+    },
+    "mne/channels/__init__.pyi": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/channels/channels.py": {
+      "a": 76,
+      "d": 133
+    },
+    "mne/channels/data/canonical_meg/ctf151.csv": {
+      "a": 152,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/channels/data/canonical_meg/ctf275.csv": {
+      "a": 275,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/channels/data/canonical_meg/neuromag306.csv": {
+      "a": 307,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/channels/interpolation.py": {
+      "a": 138,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/channels/montage.py": {
+      "a": 119,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/channels/tests/test_interpolation.py": {
+      "a": 25,
+      "d": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13490.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13490.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b57031be423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13490.json
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
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+    },
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+      "n": "Carina Forster",
+      "e": "carinaforster0611@gmail.com"
+    },
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+      "n": "Thomas S. Binns",
+      "e": "t.s.binns@outlook.com"
+    },
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+      "n": "Scott Huberty",
+      "e": "52462026+scott-huberty@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Erica Peterson",
+      "e": "nordme@uw.edu"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    ".github/workflows/spec_zero.yml": {
+      "a": 15,
+      "d": 7
+    },
+    ".github/workflows/tests.yml": {
+      "a": 12,
+      "d": 3
+    },
+    "environment.yml": {
+      "a": 11,
+      "d": 11
+    },
+    "pyproject.toml": {
+      "a": 40,
+      "d": 30
+    },
+    "tools/check_pyproject_helpers.py": {
+      "a": 61,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "tools/dev/spec_zero_update_versions.py": {
+      "a": 29,
+      "d": 22
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_check_old.py": {
+      "a": 0,
+      "d": 35
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_check_old_env.py": {
+      "a": 68,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_check_old_lockfile.py": {
+      "a": 68,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_dependencies.sh": {
+      "a": 28,
+      "d": 6
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_env_vars.sh": {
+      "a": 5,
+      "d": 6
+    },
+    "tools/pylock.ci-old.toml": {
+      "a": 656,
+      "d": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13544.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13544.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..418cf3ca062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13544.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
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+  "authors": [
+    {
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+      "e": "ttaiv@outlook.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/sphinxext/related_software.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "doc/sphinxext/related_software_nodeps.txt": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13570.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13570.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0dfeb33ff0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13570.json
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "4a5479d6b496dc18bd325919bc6c346ce7563cfb",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Aman Srivastava",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Daniel McCloy",
+      "e": "dan@mccloy.info"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13570.newfeature.rst": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/names.inc": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "examples/visualization/eeg_on_scalp.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/viz/_3d.py": {
+      "a": 23,
+      "d": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13595.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13595.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56c48f814e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13595.json
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "8b8edb0a70e2fabb4d6c80a5d72caf63349a4a5e",
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+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "azure-pipelines.yml": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "doc/changes/dev/13595.bugfix.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
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+      "a": 20,
+      "d": 6
+    },
+    "mne/tests/test_cov.py": {
+      "a": 8,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/viz/evoked.py": {
+      "a": 6,
+      "d": 10
+    },
+    "mne/viz/tests/test_evoked.py": {
+      "a": 18,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/viz/utils.py": {
+      "a": 20,
+      "d": 14
+    },
+    "tools/azure_dependencies.sh": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "tools/github_actions_dependencies.sh": {
+      "a": 0,
+      "d": 4
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13610.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13610.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa64cbec87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13610.json
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "ab6346ecf025f6bdd3fbe5c83f92564fdfea9496",
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+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "autofix-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "114827586+autofix-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "azure-pipelines.yml": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "doc/_includes/data_formats.rst": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/api/reading_raw_data.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/dev/13610.newfeature.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/conf.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "environment.yml": {
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+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/datasets/config.py": {
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+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/io/__init__.pyi": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/_read_raw.py": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/mef/__init__.py": {
+      "a": 7,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/mef/_utils.py": {
+      "a": 345,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/mef/mef.py": {
+      "a": 300,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/mef/tests/__init__.py": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/mef/tests/test_mef.py": {
+      "a": 193,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/tests/test_import_nesting.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/utils/config.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "pyproject.toml": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "tools/hooks/update_environment_file.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13624.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13624.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1397a7e61bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13624.json
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "ee8502bdf9d6fada2b0159dc1dd36ac40175cf1a",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "mne[bot]",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    ".mailmap": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/dev/13520.bugfix.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
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new file mode 100644
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+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13670.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13670.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a0bde4d169a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13670.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "b8496fa0b4bd482125822ed4b3baa01dd0042294",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Lumberbot (aka Jack)",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Scott Huberty",
+      "e": "52462026+scott-huberty@users.noreply.github.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13669.bugfix.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/__init__.pyi": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13672.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13672.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..08ed04fcbb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13672.json
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "dcc711615a1e56275f17382aa8bea639e6ba8ae5",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Aniket",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Daniel McCloy",
+      "e": "dan@mccloy.info"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13672.bugfix.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/changes/names.inc": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/io/snirf/_snirf.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/io/tests/test_raw.py": {
+      "a": 7,
+      "d": 4
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13674.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13674.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf91bac06ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13674.json
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "e9f9bf68c2a0b9dea20fd440350531aa89d29b33",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Aniket",
+      "e": null
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "Marijn van Vliet",
+      "e": "w.m.vanvliet@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13674.other.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "doc/conf.py": {
+      "a": 5,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/_fiff/meas_info.py": {
+      "a": 6,
+      "d": 6
+    },
+    "mne/_fiff/proj.py": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 3
+    },
+    "mne/_fiff/reference.py": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 3
+    },
+    "mne/channels/channels.py": {
+      "a": 11,
+      "d": 11
+    },
+    "mne/filter.py": {
+      "a": 3,
+      "d": 3
+    },
+    "mne/io/base.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/_csd.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/_regress.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/eyetracking.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/ica.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/preprocessing/stim.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/simulation/evoked.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/utils/mixin.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13675.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13675.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16502845ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13675.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "371920011756d14af038db4eb87b00a3e901b5c3",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Clemens Brunner",
+      "e": null
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/changes/dev/13675.other.rst": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "mne/epochs.py": {
+      "a": 13,
+      "d": 0
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13677.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13677.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7bc06b8bd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13677.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "6646cba043594cf413e4163f13e1c587adf848e5",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Eric Larson",
+      "e": "larson.eric.d@gmail.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "doc/sphinxext/mne_doc_utils.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 0
+    },
+    "examples/inverse/morph_volume_stc.py": {
+      "a": 0,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "tutorials/inverse/50_beamformer_lcmv.py": {
+      "a": 2,
+      "d": 2
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13678.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13678.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e07184afb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13678.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "c089d8560de394be180b7a7b591cfd581b3d4532",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "pre-commit-ci[bot]",
+      "e": "66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+    },
+    {
+      "n": "mne[bot]",
+      "e": "50266005+mne-bot@users.noreply.github.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    ".pre-commit-config.yaml": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/doc/sphinxext/prs/13690.json b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13690.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9089f4c0b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/sphinxext/prs/13690.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "merge_commit_sha": "ce94c0577b4ec0ee50bee00dddf82f062deb1bb3",
+  "authors": [
+    {
+      "n": "Thomas S. Binns",
+      "e": "t.s.binns@outlook.com"
+    }
+  ],
+  "changes": {
+    "examples/datasets/limo_data.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "mne/io/edf/edf.py": {
+      "a": 6,
+      "d": 6
+    },
+    "tutorials/evoked/30_eeg_erp.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    },
+    "tutorials/intro/70_report.py": {
+      "a": 1,
+      "d": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/forward/deface_dig_and_mri.py b/examples/forward/deface_dig_and_mri.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e7445111ba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/forward/deface_dig_and_mri.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+.. _deface-dig-and-mri:
+
+================================================
+Deface MRI and MEG data for identity protection
+================================================
+
+Because facial information can be identifying, it is sometimes necessary to
+obscure facial detail in MEG and MRI data. This example shows how to do deface
+MRI and MEG data without altering head volume or coregistration.
+
+To learn more about coordinate frames, see :ref:`tut-source-alignment`.
+"""
+
+# Authors: The MNE-Python contributors.
+# License: BSD-3-Clause
+# Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.
+
+import nibabel as nib
+import numpy as np
+from pyvista import Plotter, PolyData
+from scipy import linalg
+from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist
+
+import mne
+from mne.io.constants import FIFF
+
+data_path = mne.datasets.sample.data_path()
+subjects_dir = data_path / "subjects"
+raw_fname = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_raw.fif"
+trans_fname = data_path / "MEG" / "sample" / "sample_audvis_raw-trans.fif"
+raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(raw_fname)
+trans = mne.read_trans(trans_fname)
+src = mne.read_source_spaces(subjects_dir / "sample" / "bem" / "sample-oct-6-src.fif")
+
+# Load the T1 file and change the header information to the correct units
+t1w = nib.load(data_path / "subjects" / "sample" / "mri" / "T1.mgz")
+t1w = nib.Nifti1Image(t1w.dataobj, t1w.affine)
+t1w.header["xyzt_units"] = np.array(10, dtype="uint8")
+t1_mgh = nib.MGHImage(t1w.dataobj, t1w.affine)
+
+
+def apply_smoothing(points, tris):
+    surf = PolyData.from_regular_faces(points, tris)
+    surf.clean()
+    # taubin smoothing conserves volume and triangle face relationships
+    smooth_surf = surf.smooth_taubin(n_iter=1000, pass_band=0.0005)
+    out_points = smooth_surf.points
+    return out_points
+
+
+def smooth_digitization(dig_p, orig_scalp, smooth_scalp):
+    out_dig = dig_p.copy()
+    all_dists = cdist(dig_p, orig_scalp)
+    closest_point_idxs = all_dists.argmin(axis=1)
+    diffs = orig_scalp[closest_point_idxs, :] - smooth_scalp[closest_point_idxs, :]
+    for ppi, pp in enumerate(dig_p):
+        out_dig[ppi] = pp - diffs[ppi]
+    return out_dig
+
+
+def add_head(renderer, points, tris, color, opacity=0.95):
+    renderer.mesh(*points.T, triangles=tris, color=color, opacity=opacity)
+
+
+# Smooth MRI
+# The head surface is stored in "mri" coordinate frame
+# (origin at center of volume, units=mm)
+seghead_rr, seghead_tri = mne.read_surface(
+    subjects_dir / "sample" / "surf" / "lh.seghead"
+)
+
+# The "mri_voxel"→"mri" transform is embedded in the header of the T1 image
+# file. We'll invert it and then apply it to the original `seghead_rr` points.
+# No unit conversion necessary: this transform expects mm and the scalp surface
+# is defined in mm.
+vox_to_mri = t1_mgh.header.get_vox2ras_tkr()
+mri_to_vox = linalg.inv(vox_to_mri)
+scalp_points_in_vox = mne.transforms.apply_trans(mri_to_vox, seghead_rr, move=True)
+
+
+# Get fiducial points and extras:
+# "r" selects just the XYZ values
+fids = [p["r"] for p in raw.info["dig"] if p["kind"] == FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_CARDINAL]
+assert raw.info["dig"][0]["coord_frame"] == FIFF.FIFFV_COORD_HEAD
+extra = [e["r"] for e in raw.info["dig"] if e["kind"] == FIFF.FIFFV_POINT_EXTRA]
+
+dig_points = fids + extra
+for dpi, dp in enumerate(dig_points):
+    # Transform it from head to MRI space (recall that `trans` is head → mri)
+    trans_dp = mne.transforms.apply_trans(trans, dp, move=True)
+    # Then transform to voxel space, after converting from meters to millimeters
+    dig_points[dpi] = mne.transforms.apply_trans(mri_to_vox, trans_dp * 1e3, move=True)
+
+dig_points = np.array(dig_points)
+
+# smooth the whole head
+
+smooth_scalp_points = apply_smoothing(scalp_points_in_vox, seghead_tri)
+
+# The voxel frame origin is located at the top right corner behind the
+# subject's head with coordinates in the following order:
+# right-to-left axis, superior-to-inferior axis, posterior-to-anterior axis.
+# choose facial points from smooth head
+
+fid_y = np.mean([dig_points[0, 2], dig_points[2, 2]])
+nasion_z = dig_points[1, 1]
+
+ahead_of_ears = scalp_points_in_vox[:, 2] > fid_y + 10
+under_eyebrows = scalp_points_in_vox[:, 1] > nasion_z - 15
+idxs_to_smooth = np.where(ahead_of_ears & under_eyebrows)[0]
+
+tris_to_smooth = np.isin(seghead_tri, idxs_to_smooth).all(axis=1)
+
+# choose dig to smooth
+dig_ahead_of_ears = dig_points[:, 2] > fid_y + 10
+dig_under_brows = dig_points[:, 1] > nasion_z - 15
+dig_to_smooth = np.where(dig_ahead_of_ears & dig_under_brows)[0]
+
+smooth_dig = smooth_digitization(
+    dig_points[dig_to_smooth], scalp_points_in_vox, smooth_scalp_points
+)
+
+# preview point selection from face and facial dig
+preview = Plotter()
+
+preview.add_mesh(
+    smooth_dig,
+    color="red",
+    render_points_as_spheres=True,
+    point_size=8,
+)
+
+preview.add_mesh(
+    smooth_scalp_points[idxs_to_smooth, :],
+    color="blue",
+    render_points_as_spheres=True,
+    point_size=2,
+)
+preview.show()
+preview.close()
+
+# Plot smoothed results to make sure the transforms worked
+renderer = mne.viz.backends.renderer.create_3d_figure(
+    size=(400, 400), bgcolor="w", scene=False
+)
+
+original_head_surf = scalp_points_in_vox.copy()
+
+defaced_surf = scalp_points_in_vox.copy()
+defaced_surf[idxs_to_smooth, :] = smooth_scalp_points[idxs_to_smooth, :]
+
+defaced_dig = dig_points.copy()
+defaced_dig[dig_to_smooth] = smooth_dig
+
+# plot original head surface in grey
+add_head(renderer, original_head_surf, seghead_tri, "grey", opacity=0.3)
+
+add_head(renderer, defaced_surf, seghead_tri, "green", opacity=0.5)
+
+# plot fiducials
+renderer.sphere(center=defaced_dig[0], color="orange", scale=10)
+renderer.sphere(center=defaced_dig[1], color="orange", scale=10)
+renderer.sphere(center=defaced_dig[2], color="orange", scale=10)
+# plot dig points
+for sd in defaced_dig[3:]:
+    renderer.sphere(center=sd, color="red", scale=3)
+# show the plot
+mne.viz.set_3d_view(
+    figure=renderer.figure,
+    distance=600.0,
+    focalpoint=(0.0, 125.0, 250.0),
+    elevation=45,
+    azimuth=180,
+)
+renderer.show()
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py b/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
index 92a4cf58531..fbb602caf2f 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/meas_info.py
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ def set_montage(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The instance, modified in-place.
 
         See Also
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ def set_channel_types(self, mapping, *, on_unit_change="warn", verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The instance (modified in place).
 
             .. versionchanged:: 0.20
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ def rename_channels(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The instance (modified in place).
 
             .. versionchanged:: 0.20
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ def anonymize(self, daysback=None, keep_his=False, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         Notes
@@ -816,8 +816,8 @@ def set_meas_date(self, meas_date):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
-            The modified raw instance. Operates in place.
+        inst : same type as the input data
+            The modified instance. Operates in place.
 
         See Also
         --------
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/proj.py b/mne/_fiff/proj.py
index aa010085904..65125c45d3d 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/proj.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/proj.py
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def add_proj(self, projs, remove_existing=False, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        self : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        self : same type as the input data
             The data container.
         """
         if isinstance(projs, Projection):
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def apply_proj(self, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        self : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        self : same type as the input data
             The instance.
 
         Notes
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ def del_proj(self, idx="all"):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        self : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        self : same type as the input data
             The instance.
         """
         if isinstance(idx, str) and idx == "all":
diff --git a/mne/_fiff/reference.py b/mne/_fiff/reference.py
index 13fed0eebd2..3b654ee7784 100644
--- a/mne/_fiff/reference.py
+++ b/mne/_fiff/reference.py
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def add_reference_channels(inst, ref_channels, copy=True):
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+    inst : same type as the input data
         Data with added EEG reference channels.
 
     Notes
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ def set_eeg_reference(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+    inst : same type as the input data
         Data with EEG channels re-referenced. If ``ref_channels="average"`` and
         ``projection=True`` a projection will be added instead of directly
         re-referencing the data.
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ def set_bipolar_reference(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+    inst : same type as the input data
         Data with the specified channels re-referenced.
 
     See Also
diff --git a/mne/channels/channels.py b/mne/channels/channels.py
index d337353c49c..ab54bf200dd 100644
--- a/mne/channels/channels.py
+++ b/mne/channels/channels.py
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ def set_eeg_reference(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             Data with EEG channels re-referenced. If ``ref_channels='average'``
             and ``projection=True`` a projection will be added instead of
             directly re-referencing the data.
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ def pick_types(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         See Also
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ def pick_channels(self, ch_names, ordered=True, *, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         See Also
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ def pick(self, picks, exclude=(), *, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
         """
         picks = _picks_to_idx(self.info, picks, "all", exclude, allow_empty=False)
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ def reorder_channels(self, ch_names):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         See Also
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ def drop_channels(self, ch_names, on_missing="raise"):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         See Also
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ def add_channels(self, add_list, force_update_info=False):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         See Also
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ def add_reference_channels(self, ref_channels):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
                The modified instance.
         """
         return add_reference_channels(self, ref_channels, copy=False)
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ def interpolate_bads(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The modified instance.
 
         Notes
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ def interpolate_to(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             A new instance with interpolated data and updated channel
             information.
 
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@ def combine_channels(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    combined_inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, or Evoked
+    combined_inst : same type as the input data
         An MNE-Python object of the same type as the input ``inst``, containing
         one virtual channel for each group in ``groups`` (and, if ``keep_stim``
         is ``True``, also containing stimulus channels).
diff --git a/mne/filter.py b/mne/filter.py
index 304afdf4de7..f8f4abf6499 100644
--- a/mne/filter.py
+++ b/mne/filter.py
@@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ def savgol_filter(self, h_freq, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Epochs, Evoked or SourceEstimate
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The object with the filtering applied.
 
         See Also
@@ -2480,7 +2480,7 @@ def filter(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Epochs, Evoked, SourceEstimate, or Raw
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The filtered data.
 
         See Also
@@ -2616,7 +2616,7 @@ def resample(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Epochs or Evoked
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The resampled object.
 
         See Also
diff --git a/mne/io/base.py b/mne/io/base.py
index e2cc3e3c757..ec5ce7594e4 100644
--- a/mne/io/base.py
+++ b/mne/io/base.py
@@ -2185,11 +2185,11 @@ def close(self):
         pass  # noqa
 
     def copy(self):
-        """Return copy of Raw instance.
+        """Return copy of the instance.
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw
+        inst : same type as the input data
             A copy of the instance.
         """
         return deepcopy(self)
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py b/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
index 35a32e90245..b2c9bf1fa8b 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_csd.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def compute_current_source_density(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst_csd : instance of Raw, Epochs or Evoked
+    inst_csd : same type as the input data
         The transformed data. Output type will match input type.
 
     Notes
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py b/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
index d7d54c637d6..6c866b6e421 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/_regress.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def regress_artifact(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Epochs | Raw
+    inst : same type as the input data
         The processed data.
     betas : ndarray, shape (n_picks, n_picks_ref)
         The betas used during regression.
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/eyetracking.py b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/eyetracking.py
index 5c95b5c4d78..afdf0d6c033 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/eyetracking.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/eyetracking/eyetracking.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def set_channel_types_eyetrack(inst, mapping):
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+    inst : same type as the input data
         The instance, modified in place.
 
     Notes
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def convert_units(inst, calibration, to="radians"):
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw | Epochs | Evoked
+    inst : same type as the input data
         The Raw, Epochs, or Evoked instance, modified in place.
 
     Notes
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/ica.py b/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
index 9b98ef9b2d4..38ce20a4318 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/ica.py
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ def get_sources(self, inst, add_channels=None, start=None, stop=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        sources : instance of Raw, Epochs or Evoked
+        sources : same type as the input data
             The ICA sources time series.
         """
         if isinstance(inst, BaseRaw):
@@ -2221,7 +2221,7 @@ def apply(
 
         Returns
         -------
-        out : instance of Raw, Epochs or Evoked
+        out : same type as the input data
             The processed data.
 
         Notes
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py b/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
index e0152bbf2dc..e934e158fab 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/interpolate.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def interpolate_bridged_electrodes(inst, bridged_idx, bad_limit=4):
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Epochs, Evoked, or Raw
+    inst : same type as the input data
         The modified data object.
 
     See Also
diff --git a/mne/preprocessing/stim.py b/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
index a823820988b..ca8e15cf64e 100644
--- a/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
+++ b/mne/preprocessing/stim.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def fix_stim_artifact(
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Raw or Evoked or Epochs
+    inst : same type as the input data
         Instance with modified data.
     """
     _check_option("mode", mode, ["linear", "window", "constant"])
diff --git a/mne/simulation/evoked.py b/mne/simulation/evoked.py
index 2b225727dfe..9805e520496 100644
--- a/mne/simulation/evoked.py
+++ b/mne/simulation/evoked.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def add_noise(inst, cov, iir_filter=None, random_state=None, verbose=None):
 
     Returns
     -------
-    inst : instance of Evoked, Epochs, or Raw
+    inst : same type as the input data
         The instance, modified to have additional noise.
 
     Notes
diff --git a/mne/utils/mixin.py b/mne/utils/mixin.py
index 741636115e2..f0d4b9f7524 100644
--- a/mne/utils/mixin.py
+++ b/mne/utils/mixin.py
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ def crop(self, tmin=None, tmax=None, include_tmax=True, verbose=None):
 
         Returns
         -------
-        inst : instance of Raw, Epochs, Evoked, AverageTFR, or SourceEstimate
+        inst : same type as the input data
             The cropped time-series object, modified in-place.
 
         Notes