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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Best practices for self-publishing scholarly metadata</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/screen-16x10.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/custom.css">
</head>
<body class="shower list">
<header class="caption">
<h1><em>For Granted</em> – A critical discussion of Net Neutrality</h1>
<p>
<a href="https://ruben.verborgh.org/">Ruben Verborgh</a>,
<a href="http://www.ugent.be/">Ghent University</a> –
<a href="http://www.imec.be/">imec</a>
</p>
<p class="venue">
<a href="https://zeus.ugent.be/">Zeus WPI</a> &
<a href="http://ceneka.ugent.be/">CenEka</a> event
<q><a href="https://zeus.ugent.be/events/17-18/internet-freedom/">The Web We Take for Granted</a></q>, 23 November 2017
</p>
</header>
<div class="title slide" id="title">
<h2><em>For Granted</em></h2>
<h3>A critical discussion of Net Neutrality</h3>
<p class="author">Ruben Verborgh</p>
<p class="affiliation">Ghent University – imec</p>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="for-granted">
<h2 class="shout">
One of the most easy<br>
and most dangerous mistakes<br>
is taking something valuable<br>
for granted.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="food-water-shelter-internet">
<figure class="cover width">
<img src="images/food-water-shelter-internet.jpg"
alt="[Mozilla advertisement: “Food. Water. Shelter. Internet.”]">
<figcaption>
©2016 <a href="https://ruben.verborgh.org/blog/2016/08/05/use-the-web-instead/#top-figure-1">Ruben Verborgh</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="public-utility">
<h2 class="shout">
Should providers treat<br>
the Internet as a public utility<br>
by giving all usage equal priority?
</h2>
</div>
<div class="toc slide" id="toc">
<ul>
<li><a href="#toc-definition">What is Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why">Why do we need Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why-not">Why oppose Net Neutrality?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="toc slide" id="toc-definition">
<ul>
<li class="current"><a href="#toc-definition">What is Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why">Why do we need Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why-not">Why oppose Net Neutrality?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="internet">
<h2>
The Internet is a global computer network<br>
with an unprecedented variety.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
many different devices
<ul class="inline">
<li>laptops</li>
<li>servers</li>
<li>phones</li>
<li>tablets</li>
<li class="next">appliances</li>
<li class="next">wearables</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
many different technical protocols
<ul class="inline">
<li>TCP</li>
<li>UDP</li>
<li>DNS</li>
<li>POP</li>
<li>IMAP</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
many different applications
<ul class="inline">
<li>World Wide Web</li>
<li>email</li>
<li>voice over IP</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="providers">
<h2>
Internet providers enable Internet access<br>
for companies and consumers.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Providers maintain <em>infrastructure</em> that connects
smaller subnetworks to the Internet.
<ul class="inline">
<li>cables</li>
<li>antennas</li>
<li>routers</li>
<li>modems</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
We <em>pay</em> them, typically through a subscription,
for <em>usage</em> of that infrastructure under constraints.
<ul>
<li>allowed data volume</li>
<li>expected bandwidth</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="dont-differentiate">
<h2>
We expect providers to not differentiate<br>
between the bits on the wire (or antenna).
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Providers choose <em>how many</em> bits we get,<br>
we choose <em>where</em> and <em>how</em> to spend hem.
</li>
<li class="next">
One bit is one bit, regardless of:
<ul>
<li>which protocol you use it for</li>
<li>which website you visit</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
In that sense,
providers are public utilities.
<ul>
<li>1L of drinking water costs as much as 1L of bathing water.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="definition">
<h2>
If providers treat some bits differently,<br>
they are not practicing Net Neutrality.
</h2>
<blockquote>
<p class="next">
Net Neutrality [means] broadband service providers<br>
<span class="next"><strong>charge consumers only once</strong> for Internet access,<br></span>
<span class="next"><strong>don’t favor one content provider</strong> over another,<br></span>
<span class="next">and <strong>don’t charge content providers</strong>
for sending information over broadband lines to end users.</span>
</p>
<cite>Hahn and Wallsten, <a href="http://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i205/s10/readings/week12/hahn-wallsten-neutrality.pdf">The Economics of Net Neutrality</a></cite>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="facets">
<h2>
Net Neutrality has different definitions<br>
and different facets, with common ideas.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
no blocking
<ul>
<li>Providers allow all protocols and destinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
no throttling
<ul>
<li>Imposed limits are equal for all protocols and destinations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
no paid prioritization
<ul>
<li>Neither consumers nor publishers can pay providers
to make specific data streams faster.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="without-net-neutrality">
<figure class="cover width">
<img src="images/meo.png"
alt="[Smart Net from the Portugese provider MEO violates Net Neutrality]">
</figure>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="europe">
<h2>
We largely have Net Neutrality in Belgium<br>
and other countries within Europe.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
The European Union has a <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32015R2120&rid=2">regulation</a>
to ensure Net Neutrality across its member states.
<ul>
<li>Some member states even impose stronger laws.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Belgian providers don’t block, throttle, or prioritize.
<ul>
<li>…except for DNS-based blocking of a few illegal sites.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
The United Kingdom practices Internet censorship.
<ul>
<li>Customers need to <em>opt out</em> to remove some blocking.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="world">
<h2>
In other places around the world,<br>
Net Neutrality is not always a given.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
The US Federal Communications Commission
will <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/fcc-net-neutrality.html">vote</a> on abolishing Net Neutrality this December.
</li>
<li class="next">
Many poorer countries allow providers to offer<br>
heavily limited Internet access through <a href="https://info.internet.org/en/story/free-basics-from-internet-org/">Free Basics</a>.
</li>
<li class="next">
Many countries apply censorship to varying extents.
<ul class="inline">
<li>China</li>
<li>Russia</li>
<li>Turkey</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="toc slide" id="toc-why">
<ul>
<li><a href="#toc-definition">What is Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="#toc-why">Why do we need Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why-not">Why oppose Net Neutrality?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="permissionless-innovation">
<h2>
Equal treatment of all data streams<br>
enables <em>permissionless innovation</em>.
</h2>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-cards="hidden">
<p>
<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/NetNeutrality?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#NetNeutrality</a> allowed me to invent the web
without having to ask for permission.
Let’s keep the internet open!
<a href="https://battleforthenet.com/">https://battleforthenet.com/</a>
</p>
<cite>
Tim Berners-Lee,
<a href="https://twitter.com/timberners_lee/status/885100007749287936?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">12 July 2017</a>
</cite>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="permissionless-innovation-web">
<h2>
Permissionless innovation enables<br>
anyone with creative ideas to compete.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">Shopping on Amazon, bol.com, or eBay?</li>
<li class="next">Messaging on WhatsApp, Viber, or Signal?</li>
<li class="next">Watching TV or Netflix?</li>
</ul>
<p class="next">With Net Neutrality, the choice is yours!</p>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="two-markets">
<h2>
Neutral behavior of the network<br>
lets two markets <a href="https://webfoundation.org/2017/06/opinion-in-defence-of-net-neutrality-sir-tim-berners-lee/">thrive in parallel</a>.
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
market for connectivity
<ul class="next">
<li>make the Internet faster for <em>all</em> applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
market of applications and content
<ul class="next">
<li>new alternatives to existing applications</li>
<li>new applications to solve existing or future problems</li>
<li class="next">same chances for startups and multinationals</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="next">
Without Net Neutrality, an <em>innovation-driven</em> ecosystem<br>
is at risk of becoming a <em><a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2006/05/why_you_should_care_about_network_neutrality.html">deal-making</a></em> environment.
</p>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="freedom-of-speech">
<h2>
Unrestricted traffic is the digital guarantee<br>
of freedom of speech.
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
What if providers can make you prefer
<ul>
<li class="next">certain websites?</li>
<li class="next">certain social networks?</li>
<li class="next">certain news outlets?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
What if certain content is paid for by advertising?
<ul>
<li>…that is not controlled by the content publisher?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Providers don’t even have to block…
<ul>
<li>…just make it sufficiently slow!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="unprecedented-communication">
<h2>
The Web has enabled unprecedented<br>
many-to-many communication for all.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
invention of writing
<ul><li>one-to-one communication</li></ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
invention of the printing press
<ul><li>one-to-many communication</li></ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
invention of the World Wide Web
<ul><li>many-to-many communication</li></ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<span class="next">The Web gives a voice to <strong>anyone</strong>.</span>
<span class="next">Information is power.</span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="trust-privacy">
<h2>
Who decides what content gets through,<br>
and based on what information?
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Can we trust private companies to select<br>
the information we get to see?
<ul>
<li>Why would they (or anyone else) be good gatekeepers?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Applying any form of content throttling<br>
implies tracking users’ online actions.
<ul>
<li>How would our privacy be protected?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="toc slide" id="toc-why-not">
<ul>
<li><a href="#toc-definition">What is Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why">Why do we need Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="#toc-why-not">Why oppose Net Neutrality?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="money">
<h2>
Without having to respect Net Neutrality,<br>
Internet providers can make more money.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
The recurring argument seems to be that<br>
Net Neutrality prevents providers from <em>investing</em>.
<ul>
<li class="next">
<em>invest |in’vest| –
expend money with the expectation of achieving a profit or material result</em>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Network investments <em>might</em> benefit consumers,<br>
but at what expense?
<ul>
<li>no guarantee that speeds will increase</li>
<li>no guarantee that costs will decrease</li>
<li class="next">no guarantee that the full Internet will be available</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="fcc">
<h2>
The Federal Communications Commission<br>
wants to abolish Net Neutrality.
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
The current chairman Ajit Pai has spoken out<br>
against Net Neutrality.
<ul>
<li>
FCC membership is a political appointment,<br>
so decisions are strongly politically informed.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Let us break down <a href="http://beta.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-pai-fcc-internet-regulation-20170426-story.html">his arguments</a> to understand<br>
why they deem Net Neutrality unnecessary.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="worked-before">
<h2>
<q>It worked before without regulation.<br>
Hence, we don’t need regulation.</q>
</h2>
<blockquote class="tight">
<p class="next">
There was [a] consensus that the best Internet policy was light-touch regulation—rules that promoted competition and kept the Internet <q>unfettered by federal or state regulation</q>.
</p>
<p class="next">
Under this policy, a free and open Internet flourished. The world’s most successful online companies blossomed […]. And American consumers benefited from unparalleled innovation.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="didnt-always-work">
<h2>
It didn’t <em>always</em> work<br>
without proper regulation.
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Comcast used to <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21376597/">block</a> certain P2P traffic.
</li>
<li>
AT&T <a href="https://www.wired.com/2012/11/facetime-restrictions-lifted/">restricted</a> FaceTime access.
</li>
<li>
Verizon <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/07/verizons-throttling-of-video-should-be-investigated-by-fcc-petition-says/">throttled</a> YouTube and Netflix.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="future-past">
<h2>
The past isn’t necessarily<br>
an adequate predictor for the future.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
People have become increasingly dependent<br>
on reliable Internet access.
<ul>
<li>First provide the full package, then take it away?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
The Internet now competes much more strongly<br>
with phone, text messages, and television.
<ul>
<li>…often provided by the same companies!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
In the past, providers complied spontaneously.<br>
Why would they in the future?
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="mandatory">
<h2>
Providers oppose mandatory compliance—<br>
why would they comply voluntarily?
</h2>
<p>
A major contradiction exists within Pai’s claims:
</p>
<ul>
<li class="next">
<q>Providers always practiced Net Neutrality so far.</q>
<ul>
<li>Hence we don’t need to impose it—they’ll respect it anyway.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
<q>Providers should be able to bypass Net Neutrality<br>
to stimulate better investments.</q>
<ul>
<li>Hence they will no longer respect it.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="next">
<strong>Realizing the benefits means breaking with the past.</strong>
</p>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="no-micromanagement">
<h2>
<q>The government shouldn’t have the right<br>
to micromanage the Internet.</q>
</h2>
<blockquote>
<p class="next">
In 2015, the FCC also established a so-called <em>Internet conduct standard</em>,
which gave the FCC a roving mandate to micromanage the Internet.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="micromanagement">
<h2>
Is Net Neutrality really <q>micromanaging</q>,<br>
and who will do it, if not the government?
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
The notion of treating all traffic equally<br>
doesn’t involve micro-level traffic regulation.
<ul>
<li>
On the contrary, <em>without</em> Net Neutrality,<br>
providers would need to micromanage traffic.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Trusting the government with a crucial resource<br>
seems preferred over trusting corporations.
<ul>
<li>
Requiring trust always creates a dependency,<br>
but democratically elected bodies are more accountable.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="freedom">
<h2>
<q>By removing regulations,<br>
we restore freedom.</q>
</h2>
<blockquote>
<p class="next">
This framework [for promoting Internet freedom and infrastructure investment]
will expand high-speed Internet access
and help close the digital divide […].
</p>
<p class="next">
This framework will put more Americans back to work.
<br>
And this framework will provide consumers more and better digital options.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="whose-freedom">
<h2>
The <q>freedom</q> we’re actually after<br>
is the people’s—not the providers’.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Providers’ freedom to differentiate<br>
is our loss of undifferentiated access.
</li>
<li class="next">
More jobs are not guaranteed.
<ul>
<li>
The most disruptive innovations happen<br>
on the market of content and applications.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
More and better digital options are not guaranteed.
<ul>
<li>
More restricted data plans means fewer applications.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="many-countries">
<h2 class="shout">
In many countries,<br>
Net Neutrality benefits<br>
most people more<br>
than the alternative.
</h2>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="free-trade">
<h2>
Throttling some international traffic<br>
can act as digital protectionism.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Net Neutrality in the US is mostly a question<br>
of which national streams are prioritized.
</li>
<li class="next">
Other countries might have difficulties<br>
competing with large US companies.
<ul>
<li>e.g., Netflix could disrupt Nigeria’s national movie market.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
In a sense, Net Neutrality is digital free trade.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="free-basics">
<h2>
Is a limited Internet<br>
better than none at all?
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Facebook started <em>Free Basics</em> (formerly <em>Internet.org</em>),<br>
providing free access to a limited set of websites.
<ul>
<li>
Of course, Facebook decides what the <q>basics</q> are.
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Many of the world’s poorest countries<br>
have this ad-supported, limited Internet.
<ul>
<li>
Can people innovate,
or is this <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/27/facebook-free-basics-developing-markets">digital colonialism</a>?
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/12/facebook-free-basics-india-zuckerberg">India</a> opted for Net Neutrality instead.
<ul>
<li>Full Internet access or nothing.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="toc slide" id="recap">
<ul>
<li><a href="#toc-definition">What is Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why">Why do we need Net Neutrality?</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc-why-not">Why oppose Net Neutrality?</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="device-platform">
<h2>
Net Neutrality is the foundation.<br>
More neutrality is still needed.
</h2>
<ul>
<li class="next">
Net Neutrality
<ul>
<li>Is all of our traffic treated equally?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Device Neutrality
<ul>
<li>Do all of our devices have equal access?</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="next">
Platform Neutrality
<ul>
<li>Can we choose the applications for accessing content?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="utility">
<blockquote class="cover">
<p>
Gas is a utility, so is clean water,
and connectivity should be too.
It’s part of life and shouldn’t have an attitude
about what you use it for—just like water.
</p>
<cite><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/15/tim-berners-lee-world-wide-web-net-neutrality">Tim Berners-Lee</a></cite>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="slide" id="granted">
<h2 class="shout">
<span class="next">
The Internet and the Web<br>
have been granted to mankind.<br>
</span>
<span class="next">
We should never, ever<br>
take them for granted.
</span>
</h2>
</div>
<div class="title slide" id="end">
<h2><em>For Granted</em></h2>
<h3>A critical discussion of Net Neutrality</h3>
<p class="author"><a href="https://twitter.com/RubenVerborgh">@RubenVerborgh</a></p>
<p class="thanks">
Thanks to
<a href="https://webfoundation.org/about/executive-team/juan-ortiz-freuler/">Juan Ortiz Freuler</a>
of the World Wide Web Foundation for his valuable input.
</p>
</div>
<footer>
<p class="badge"><a href="https://github.com/RubenVerborgh/Net-Neutrality-2017">Fork me on Github</a></p>
<p>©2017 Ruben Verborgh – These slides are licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
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