- Cycle detection in directed and undirected graphs
- Shortest paths in DAGs via topological order
- Johnson algorithm for APSP
- Tarjan algorithm for SCC
- Bridges, articulation points, and biconnected components
- Dinic algorithm
- Cut and separator problems
- Fenwick tree
- Segment tree with lazy propagation
- Difference array
- Suffix array and LCP array
- Gaussian elimination
- Point in polygon
- Distance and projection primitives
- Rotating calipers
- Meet in the middle