diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index fc10c0c2..219f1e2d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ### Bug Fixes
 
+- preserve picklescan stack state across reused scanner runs
 - mark partial streaming scans inconclusive when large-file streaming coverage is incomplete
 - harden native code detection in model scanners ([#897](https://github.com/promptfoo/modelaudit/issues/897)) ([f4f661a](https://github.com/promptfoo/modelaudit/commit/f4f661a09be0032e15aa8895864413e3878233f8))
 
diff --git a/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/src/modelaudit_picklescan/engine/scanner.py b/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/src/modelaudit_picklescan/engine/scanner.py
index 25f26cd1..f296bbe2 100644
--- a/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/src/modelaudit_picklescan/engine/scanner.py
+++ b/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/src/modelaudit_picklescan/engine/scanner.py
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ def __init__(
         self.deadline = deadline if deadline is not None else time.monotonic() + options.timeout_s
         self.stack: list[Any] = []
         self.memo: dict[int | str, Any] = {}
-        self.next_memo_index = 0
         self.findings: list[Finding] = []
         self.notices: list[Notice] = []
         self.errors: list[ScanError] = []
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ def run(self) -> None:
                             self.first_pickle_end_pos = self.position_offset + self.stream.tell()
                         self.stack.clear()
                         self.memo.clear()
-                        self.next_memo_index = 0
                         break
 
                 if not parsed_opcode:
@@ -382,6 +380,11 @@ def _handle_opcode(self, op_name: str, arg: Any, position: int) -> None:
                 self.stack.pop()
             return
 
+        if op_name == "DUP":
+            if self.stack:
+                self.stack.append(self.stack[-1])
+            return
+
         if op_name == "POP_MARK":
             self._pop_to_mark()
             return
@@ -406,15 +409,25 @@ def _handle_opcode(self, op_name: str, arg: Any, position: int) -> None:
             self._collapse_top_n(3)
             return
 
-        if op_name in _MEMO_WRITE_OPCODES:
+        if op_name in {"APPEND", "SETITEM"}:
             if self.stack:
+                self.stack.pop()
+            if op_name == "SETITEM" and self.stack:
+                self.stack.pop()
+            return
+
+        if op_name in {"APPENDS", "SETITEMS", "ADDITEMS"}:
+            self._pop_to_mark()
+            return
+
+        if op_name in _MEMO_WRITE_OPCODES:
+            if self.stack and isinstance(arg, int):
                 self.memo[arg] = self.stack[-1]
             return
 
         if op_name == "MEMOIZE":
             if self.stack:
-                self.memo[self.next_memo_index] = self.stack[-1]
-                self.next_memo_index += 1
+                self.memo[len(self.memo)] = self.stack[-1]
             return
 
         if op_name in _MEMO_READ_OPCODES:
diff --git a/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/tests/test_api.py b/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/tests/test_api.py
index f9afa4d0..123270c1 100644
--- a/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/packages/modelaudit-picklescan/tests/test_api.py
@@ -101,6 +101,49 @@ def test_scan_bytes_attributes_reduce_calls_to_the_callable_operand_not_nested_a
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("payload", "source"),
+    [
+        (b"cbuiltins\nlen\n}cos\nsystem\nK\x01s\x85R.", "setitem-args.pkl"),
+        (b"cbuiltins\nlen\n}(cos\nsystem\nK\x01u\x85R.", "setitems-args.pkl"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_scan_bytes_dict_mutation_operands_do_not_become_reduce_call_targets(payload: bytes, source: str) -> None:
+    report = scan_bytes(payload, source=source)
+
+    assert report.status == ScanStatus.COMPLETE
+    assert report.verdict == SafetyVerdict.MALICIOUS
+    assert any(
+        finding.rule_code == "DANGEROUS_GLOBAL" and finding.details.get("import_reference") in SYSTEM_GLOBALS
+        for finding in report.findings
+    )
+    assert not any(
+        finding.rule_code == "DANGEROUS_CALL" and finding.details.get("import_reference") in SYSTEM_GLOBALS
+        for finding in report.findings
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("payload", "source"),
+    [
+        (b"\x80\x04cbuiltins\nlen\nq\x00cos\nsystem\n\x94h\x01\x8c\x04echo\x85R.", "memoize-after-put.pkl"),
+        (b"\x80\x04cbuiltins\nlen\nqdcos\nsystem\n\x94h\x01\x8c\x04echo\x85R.", "memoize-after-sparse-put.pkl"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_scan_bytes_memoize_index_uses_runtime_memo_size_after_explicit_memo_write(
+    payload: bytes,
+    source: str,
+) -> None:
+    report = scan_bytes(payload, source=source)
+
+    assert report.status == ScanStatus.COMPLETE
+    assert report.verdict == SafetyVerdict.MALICIOUS
+    assert any(
+        finding.rule_code == "DANGEROUS_CALL" and finding.details.get("import_reference") in SYSTEM_GLOBALS
+        for finding in report.findings
+    )
+
+
 def test_scan_stream_uses_explicit_source_and_does_not_leak_prior_scan_state() -> None:
     scanner = PickleScanner()