ClassfileParser: Avoid cycle when accessing companion in inner class lookup (#16882)

Previously, the call to `info` on the module val could lead to a cycle
since the module val might be in the process of being completed. This
commit fixes this by only using the module class which is all we need to
lookup members.

Fixes #15288.
Fixes #14059.

Co-Authored-By: Tom Grigg <tomegrigg@gmail.com>

Author: smarter

compiler/src/dotty/tools/dotc/core/classfile/ClassfileParser.scala

@@ -1086,10 +1086,10 @@ class ClassfileParser(
           if (sym == classRoot.symbol)
             staticScope.lookup(name)
           else {
-            var module = sym.companionModule
-            if (!module.exists && sym.isAbsent())
-              module = sym.scalacLinkedClass
-            module.info.member(name).symbol
+            var moduleClass = sym.registeredCompanion
+            if (!moduleClass.exists && sym.isAbsent())
+              moduleClass = sym.scalacLinkedClass
+            moduleClass.info.member(name).symbol
           }
         else if (sym == classRoot.symbol)
           instanceScope.lookup(name)

sbt-test/java-compat/i15288/QueryRequest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+interface CopyableBuilder<B, T> {}
+interface ToCopyableBuilder<B, T> {}
+
+public class QueryRequest implements ToCopyableBuilder<QueryRequest.Builder, QueryRequest> {
+    public static Builder builder() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
+    public interface Builder extends CopyableBuilder<Builder, QueryRequest> {
+        void build();
+    }
+}

sbt-test/java-compat/i15288/Test.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Test:
+  def makeQuery = QueryRequest.builder().build()

sbt-test/java-compat/i15288/build.sbt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+scalaVersion := sys.props("plugin.scalaVersion")

sbt-test/java-compat/i15288/test

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+## This could just be a pos test checked by FromTastyTests, but
+## ParallelTesting#compileTastyInDir does not support test with multiple files
+## currently.
+> compile
+> doc