diff --git a/Doc/library/dis.rst b/Doc/library/dis.rst
index a24589fd0a5af3..755d681b9df2be 100644
--- a/Doc/library/dis.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/dis.rst
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ not have to be) the original ``STACK[-2]``.
       end = STACK.pop()
       start = STACK.pop()
       container = STACK.pop()
-      values = STACK.pop()
+      value = STACK.pop()
       container[start:end] = value
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.12
diff --git a/Lib/argparse.py b/Lib/argparse.py
index 633fec69ea4615..0494b545f2f1d3 100644
--- a/Lib/argparse.py
+++ b/Lib/argparse.py
@@ -688,11 +688,41 @@ def _expand_help(self, action):
                 params[name] = value.__name__
         if params.get('choices') is not None:
             params['choices'] = ', '.join(map(str, params['choices']))
-        # Before interpolating, wrap the values with color codes
+
         t = self._theme
-        for name, value in params.items():
-            params[name] = f"{t.interpolated_value}{value}{t.reset}"
-        return help_string % params
+
+        result = help_string % params
+
+        if not t.reset:
+            return result
+
+        # Match format specifiers like: %s, %d, %(key)s, etc.
+        fmt_spec = r'''
+            %
+            (?:
+                %                           # %% escape
+                |
+                (?:\((?P<key>[^)]*)\))?     # key
+                [-#0\ +]*                   # flags
+                (?:\*|\d+)?                 # width
+                (?:\.(?:\*|\d+))?           # precision
+                [hlL]?                      # length modifier
+                [diouxXeEfFgGcrsa]          # conversion type
+            )
+        '''
+
+        def colorize(match):
+            spec, key = match.group(0, 'key')
+            if spec == '%%':
+                return '%'
+            if key is not None:
+                # %(key)... - format and colorize
+                formatted = spec % {key: params[key]}
+                return f'{t.interpolated_value}{formatted}{t.reset}'
+            # bare %s etc. - format with full params dict, no colorization
+            return spec % params
+
+        return _re.sub(fmt_spec, colorize, help_string, flags=_re.VERBOSE)
 
     def _iter_indented_subactions(self, action):
         try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_argparse.py b/Lib/test/test_argparse.py
index 758af98d5cb046..77170244675474 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_argparse.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_argparse.py
@@ -7663,6 +7663,38 @@ def test_backtick_markup_special_regex_chars(self):
         help_text = parser.format_help()
         self.assertIn(f'{prog_extra}grep "foo.*bar" | sort{reset}', help_text)
 
+    def test_help_with_format_specifiers(self):
+        # GH-142950: format specifiers like %x should work with color=True
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', color=True)
+        parser.add_argument('--hex', type=int, default=255,
+                            help='hex: %(default)x, alt: %(default)#x')
+        parser.add_argument('--zero', type=int, default=7,
+                            help='zero: %(default)05d')
+        parser.add_argument('--str', default='test',
+                            help='str: %(default)s')
+        parser.add_argument('--pct', type=int, default=50,
+                            help='pct: %(default)d%%')
+        parser.add_argument('--literal', help='literal: 100%%')
+        parser.add_argument('--prog', help='prog: %(prog)s')
+        parser.add_argument('--type', type=int, help='type: %(type)s')
+        parser.add_argument('--choices', choices=['a', 'b'],
+                            help='choices: %(choices)s')
+
+        help_text = parser.format_help()
+
+        interp = self.theme.interpolated_value
+        reset = self.theme.reset
+
+        self.assertIn(f'hex: {interp}ff{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'alt: {interp}0xff{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'zero: {interp}00007{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'str: {interp}test{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'pct: {interp}50{reset}%', help_text)
+        self.assertIn('literal: 100%', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'prog: {interp}PROG{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'type: {interp}int{reset}', help_text)
+        self.assertIn(f'choices: {interp}a, b{reset}', help_text)
+
     def test_print_help_uses_target_file_for_color_decision(self):
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG', color=True)
         parser.add_argument('--opt')
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-12-18-22-58-46.gh-issue-142950.EJ8w-T.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-12-18-22-58-46.gh-issue-142950.EJ8w-T.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..219930c638384f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2025-12-18-22-58-46.gh-issue-142950.EJ8w-T.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix regression in :mod:`argparse` where format specifiers in help strings raised :exc:`ValueError`.
diff --git a/Python/bytecodes.c b/Python/bytecodes.c
index 8db1de6ca384bb..300683a9402784 100644
--- a/Python/bytecodes.c
+++ b/Python/bytecodes.c
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ dummy_func(
             PyObject *receiver_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(receiver);
             PyObject *retval_o;
             assert(frame->owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER);
-            if ((tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL) &&
+            if (!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                 (Py_TYPE(receiver_o) == &PyGen_Type || Py_TYPE(receiver_o) == &PyCoro_Type) &&
                 gen_try_set_executing((PyGenObject *)receiver_o))
             {
@@ -2596,7 +2596,7 @@ dummy_func(
             PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
 
             assert((oparg & 1) == 0);
-            DEOPT_IF(tstate->interp->eval_frame);
+            DEOPT_IF(IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
             PyTypeObject *cls = Py_TYPE(owner_o);
             assert(type_version != 0);
             DEOPT_IF(FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT_RELAXED(cls->tp_version_tag) != type_version);
@@ -3746,7 +3746,7 @@ dummy_func(
             }
             // Check if the call can be inlined or not
             if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                 ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
             {
                 int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -3938,7 +3938,7 @@ dummy_func(
         }
 
         op(_CHECK_PEP_523, (--)) {
-            DEOPT_IF(tstate->interp->eval_frame);
+            DEOPT_IF(IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
         }
 
         op(_CHECK_FUNCTION_EXACT_ARGS, (callable, self_or_null, unused[oparg] -- callable, self_or_null, unused[oparg])) {
@@ -3974,7 +3974,7 @@ dummy_func(
         }
 
         op(_PUSH_FRAME, (new_frame -- )) {
-            assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+            assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
             _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
             DEAD(new_frame);
             SYNC_SP();
@@ -4607,7 +4607,7 @@ dummy_func(
             int positional_args = total_args - (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames_o);
             // Check if the call can be inlined or not
             if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                 ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
             {
                 int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -4851,7 +4851,7 @@ dummy_func(
             }
             else {
                 if (Py_TYPE(func) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                    tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                    !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     ((PyFunctionObject *)func)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall) {
                     PyObject *callargs = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(callargs_st);
                     assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(callargs));
diff --git a/Python/ceval_macros.h b/Python/ceval_macros.h
index 697466d14a689f..c70d6f4ba00650 100644
--- a/Python/ceval_macros.h
+++ b/Python/ceval_macros.h
@@ -489,6 +489,8 @@ do {                                                   \
 #define CHECK_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(N) ((void)0)
 #endif
 
+#define IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) (tstate->interp->eval_frame != NULL)
+
 static inline int
 check_periodics(PyThreadState *tstate) {
     _Py_CHECK_EMSCRIPTEN_SIGNALS_PERIODICALLY();
diff --git a/Python/executor_cases.c.h b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
index e78c37611ce6b8..fb8a919336bcf4 100644
--- a/Python/executor_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
@@ -13100,7 +13100,7 @@
         case _CHECK_PEP_523_r00: {
             CHECK_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(0);
             assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS_IGNORING_CACHE());
-            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+            if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                 UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                 SET_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(0);
                 JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
@@ -13114,7 +13114,7 @@
             CHECK_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(1);
             assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS_IGNORING_CACHE());
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_0 = _tos_cache0;
-            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+            if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                 UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                 _tos_cache0 = _stack_item_0;
                 SET_CURRENT_CACHED_VALUES(1);
@@ -13131,7 +13131,7 @@
             assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS_IGNORING_CACHE());
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_0 = _tos_cache0;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_1 = _tos_cache1;
-            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+            if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                 UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                 _tos_cache1 = _stack_item_1;
                 _tos_cache0 = _stack_item_0;
@@ -13151,7 +13151,7 @@
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_0 = _tos_cache0;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_1 = _tos_cache1;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_2 = _tos_cache2;
-            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+            if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                 UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                 _tos_cache2 = _stack_item_2;
                 _tos_cache1 = _stack_item_1;
@@ -13457,7 +13457,7 @@
             _PyStackRef new_frame;
             _PyStackRef _stack_item_0 = _tos_cache0;
             new_frame = _stack_item_0;
-            assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+            assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
             _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
             _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
             assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
diff --git a/Python/generated_cases.c.h b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
index ece1146924bc1f..4de75b54c9e0a1 100644
--- a/Python/generated_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@
             /* Skip 5 cache entries */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(BINARY_OP);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (BINARY_OP));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(BINARY_OP);
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 stack_pointer += -2;
                 ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
@@ -1750,7 +1750,7 @@
                     total_args++;
                 }
                 if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                    tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                    !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
                 {
                     int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL);
@@ -1913,7 +1913,7 @@
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
                 new_frame = init_frame;
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL);
@@ -2054,7 +2054,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 stack_pointer += -2 - oparg;
                 ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
@@ -2089,7 +2089,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL);
@@ -2184,7 +2184,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -2626,7 +2626,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL_FUNCTION_EX);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL_FUNCTION_EX));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL_FUNCTION_EX);
@@ -2713,7 +2713,7 @@
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
                 new_frame = ex_frame;
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -2842,7 +2842,7 @@
                 }
                 else {
                     if (Py_TYPE(func) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                        tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                        !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                         ((PyFunctionObject *)func)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall) {
                         PyObject *callargs = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(callargs_st);
                         assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(callargs));
@@ -3122,7 +3122,7 @@
                 }
                 int positional_args = total_args - (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames_o);
                 if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                    tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                    !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
                 {
                     int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -3193,7 +3193,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL_KW);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL_KW));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL_KW);
@@ -3289,7 +3289,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -3399,7 +3399,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL_KW);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL_KW));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL_KW);
@@ -3476,7 +3476,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -4147,7 +4147,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL);
@@ -4226,7 +4226,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 stack_pointer += -2 - oparg;
                 ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
@@ -4260,7 +4260,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(CALL);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (CALL));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(CALL);
@@ -4328,7 +4328,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -5804,7 +5804,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(FOR_ITER);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (FOR_ITER));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(FOR_ITER);
@@ -5836,7 +5836,7 @@
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
                 new_frame = gen_frame;
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
                 assert(temp->previous == frame || temp->previous->previous == frame);
@@ -6432,7 +6432,7 @@
                     total_args++;
                 }
                 if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                    tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                    !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
                 {
                     int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -6583,7 +6583,7 @@
                 }
                 else {
                     if (Py_TYPE(func) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                        tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                        !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                         ((PyFunctionObject *)func)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall) {
                         PyObject *callargs = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(callargs_st);
                         assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(callargs));
@@ -6728,7 +6728,7 @@
                 }
                 int positional_args = total_args - (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames_o);
                 if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type &&
-                    tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL &&
+                    !IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     ((PyFunctionObject *)callable_o)->vectorcall == _PyFunction_Vectorcall)
                 {
                     int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
@@ -8028,7 +8028,7 @@
             PyObject *getattribute = read_obj(&this_instr[6].cache);
             PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
             assert((oparg & 1) == 0);
-            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+            if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                 UPDATE_MISS_STATS(LOAD_ATTR);
                 assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (LOAD_ATTR));
                 JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(LOAD_ATTR);
@@ -8528,7 +8528,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(LOAD_ATTR);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (LOAD_ATTR));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(LOAD_ATTR);
@@ -8590,7 +8590,7 @@
             }
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 stack_pointer += -1;
                 ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
@@ -10476,7 +10476,7 @@
                 PyObject *receiver_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(receiver);
                 PyObject *retval_o;
                 assert(frame->owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER);
-                if ((tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL) &&
+                if (!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate) &&
                     (Py_TYPE(receiver_o) == &PyGen_Type || Py_TYPE(receiver_o) == &PyCoro_Type) &&
                     gen_try_set_executing((PyGenObject *)receiver_o))
                 {
@@ -10561,7 +10561,7 @@
             /* Skip 1 cache entry */
             // _CHECK_PEP_523
             {
-                if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
+                if (IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate)) {
                     UPDATE_MISS_STATS(SEND);
                     assert(_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode] == (SEND));
                     JUMP_TO_PREDICTED(SEND);
@@ -10595,7 +10595,7 @@
             // _PUSH_FRAME
             {
                 new_frame = gen_frame;
-                assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
+                assert(!IS_PEP523_HOOKED(tstate));
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *temp = PyStackRef_Unwrap(new_frame);
                 stack_pointer += -1;
                 ASSERT_WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS(__FILE__, __LINE__);
diff --git a/Python/pylifecycle.c b/Python/pylifecycle.c
index 16fb43ea191439..88dbdb6d139c5f 100644
--- a/Python/pylifecycle.c
+++ b/Python/pylifecycle.c
@@ -2435,7 +2435,7 @@ new_interpreter(PyThreadState **tstate_p,
 
     /* Issue #10915, #15751: The GIL API doesn't work with multiple
        interpreters: disable PyGILState_Check(). */
-    runtime->gilstate.check_enabled = 0;
+    _Py_atomic_store_int_relaxed(&runtime->gilstate.check_enabled, 0);
 
     // XXX Might new_interpreter() have been called without the GIL held?
     PyThreadState *save_tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
diff --git a/Python/pystate.c b/Python/pystate.c
index f605527598a86d..23853f69792450 100644
--- a/Python/pystate.c
+++ b/Python/pystate.c
@@ -2832,7 +2832,7 @@ int
 PyGILState_Check(void)
 {
     _PyRuntimeState *runtime = &_PyRuntime;
-    if (!runtime->gilstate.check_enabled) {
+    if (!_Py_atomic_load_int_relaxed(&runtime->gilstate.check_enabled)) {
         return 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/Tools/tsan/suppressions.txt b/Tools/tsan/suppressions.txt
index 6bda5ecd570889..7a32f4e0ba26c5 100644
--- a/Tools/tsan/suppressions.txt
+++ b/Tools/tsan/suppressions.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 # This file contains suppressions for the default (with GIL) build.
-# reference: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerSuppressions
+#
+# Reference: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerSuppressions
+#
+# When adding a suppression, include a comment referencing a GitHub issue
+# that describes how to reproduce the race and includes the relevant TSan
+# output.
 
-# https://gist.github.com/mpage/daaf32b39180c1989572957b943eb665
-thread:pthread_create
+# There are currently no active suppressions. This file is kept so tooling
+# that expects it can still find it.
diff --git a/Tools/tsan/suppressions_free_threading.txt b/Tools/tsan/suppressions_free_threading.txt
index 581e9ef26f3c61..f7ce11792e51b9 100644
--- a/Tools/tsan/suppressions_free_threading.txt
+++ b/Tools/tsan/suppressions_free_threading.txt
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
-# This file contains suppressions for the free-threaded build. It contains the
-# suppressions for the default build and additional suppressions needed only in
+# This file contains suppressions for the free-threaded build. It includes the
+# default build suppressions plus any additional suppressions needed only in
 # the free-threaded build.
 #
-# reference: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerSuppressions
-
-## Free-threaded suppressions
-
-
-# These entries are for warnings that trigger in a library function, as called
-# by a CPython function.
-
-# These warnings trigger directly in a CPython function.
-
-race_top:_PyObject_TryGetInstanceAttribute
+# Reference: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerSuppressions
+#
+# When adding a suppression, include a comment referencing a GitHub issue
+# that describes how to reproduce the race and includes the relevant TSan
+# output.
 
-# https://gist.github.com/mpage/6962e8870606cfc960e159b407a0cb40
-thread:pthread_create
+# There are currently no active suppressions. This file is kept so tooling
+# that expects it can still find it.