Bump 23 Go dependencies from PR #7300 with Go 1.25.5 compatibility

[Copilot]

What this PR does:

PR #7300 (Dependabot) failed because hashicorp/consul/api@v1.33.4 requires go 1.25.7, which bumped the go directive beyond what the CI build image supports (go 1.25.5 with GOTOOLCHAIN=local).

This PR applies 23 of the 24 proposed dependency bumps, excluding consul/api to maintain Go 1.25.5 compatibility:

• go.etcd.io/etcd/*/v3: v3.5.17 → v3.6.8
• go.opentelemetry.io/otel/*: v1.36–1.39 → v1.40.0
• go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata: v1.45.0 → v1.52.0
• parquet-go/parquet-go: v0.26.4 → v0.28.0
• golang.org/x/net: v0.49.0 → v0.51.0
• VictoriaMetrics/fastcache: v1.12.2 → v1.13.3
• aws/aws-sdk-go-v2*: various minor/patch bumps
• alicebob/miniredis/v2: v2.35.0 → v2.37.0
• golang-migrate/migrate/v4: v4.18.1 → v4.19.1
• klauspost/compress: v1.18.2 → v1.18.4
• spf13/afero: v1.11.0 → v1.15.0
• prometheus/procfs: v0.16.1 → v0.20.0
• tjhop/slog-gokit: v0.1.4 → v0.1.5

Kept at current version:

• hashicorp/consul/api stays at v1.32.0 — v1.33.4 requires go >= 1.25.7

Checklist

• Tests updated
• Documentation added
• CHANGELOG.md updated - the order of entries should be [CHANGE], [FEATURE], [ENHANCEMENT], [BUGFIX]

Warning

Firewall rules blocked me from connecting to one or more addresses (expand for details)

I tried to connect to the following addresses, but was blocked by firewall rules:

• https://api.github.com/repos/cortexproject/cortex/actions/runs/22550916967/jobs
  • Triggering command: /usr/bin/curl curl -s -H Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json REDACTED /tmp/go-build4286057165/b1698/_p-errorsas t 0.1-go1.25.5.linux-amd64/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/vet -p github.com/corte-E t 0.1-go1.25.5.linux-amd64/pkg/too-buildtags -uns�� -unreachable=false t ux-amd64/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/vet -c=4 -nolocalimports t ux-amd64/pkg/tool/linux_amd64/vet (http block)

If you need me to access, download, or install something from one of these locations, you can either:

• Configure Actions setup steps to set up my environment, which run before the firewall is enabled
• Add the appropriate URLs or hosts to the custom allowlist in this repository's Copilot coding agent settings (admins only)

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