AI-Generated Content Detection

Multi-modal detection of real vs. AI-generated content across image, video, and audio. This repository contains benchmark tooling, model training code, and evaluation pipelines for binary classifiers that distinguish genuine media from synthetic or AI-manipulated content.

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Purpose

The project trains and evaluates detection models that answer: Is this image, video, or audio real (human-captured) or AI-generated? Use cases include content authentication, media safety, and research on generalization across diverse generators and datasets.

• Three modalities: Separate models for image, video, and audio.
• Unified evaluation: A single benchmark suite (GASBench) runs all models on the same datasets and metrics.
• Focus on generalization: Training and evaluation are designed to perform well on both public datasets and unseen (holdout) data, avoiding dataset memorization.

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How Evaluation Works

Data split

• Public datasets: Large set of curated datasets (real, synthetic, semisynthetic) from multiple sources (Hugging Face, parquet/zip/tar, multiple generators). Used for training and for public benchmark reporting.
• Holdout datasets: Additional datasets not visible in the public config. Evaluators use them to measure generalization and prevent overfitting to the public set. Holdout names are obfuscated in the benchmark output.

Metrics

Models are scored with a combined metric that rewards both discrimination (correct real vs. fake) and calibration (reliable probabilities):

• MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient): Discrimination in [-1, 1], normalized to [0, 1].
• Brier score: Calibration (mean squared error between predicted probabilities and labels); lower is better, random baseline ≈ 0.25.
• Combined score = geometric mean of normalized MCC and normalized Brier, with exponents (e.g. α=1.2, β=1.8) so calibration is weighted strongly. This penalizes overconfident wrong predictions and rewards well-calibrated probabilities.

Additional reported metrics: accuracy, cross-entropy, per-dataset breakdowns, inference time (average and p95).

Inference and constraints

• Evaluation runs on fixed hardware; models must complete inference within time limits per sample.
• Inputs: images/videos/audio in standard shapes (e.g. 224×224 or 518×518 for vision); pipeline supplies 0–255 float tensors; models apply normalization internally.
• Output: logits [batch, 2] (real, fake). The pipeline applies softmax for probabilities and computes all metrics.

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Tech Stack

Models

Modality	Model / approach	Notes
Image	DINOv3 (ViT backbone)	Patch-level or CLS features + classification head; LoRA fine-tuning for better generalization.
Video	DINOv2 + temporal head (GenD-style) or ReStraV-style	GenD-style: DINOv2 ViT-L, LayerNorm-only tuning, temporal transformer + head. ReStraV-style: Frozen DINOv2, trajectory geometry (stepwise distances, curvature) → 21-D vector, small MLP only trained. Both output binary logits.
Audio	BreathNet	Audio-specific model for real vs. synthetic speech/audio.

All models are exported as safetensors with a small wrapper (model_config.yaml, model.py, *.safetensors) so the same benchmark loader runs image, video, and audio.

Training methods

• LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation): Used for efficient fine-tuning of vision backbones (e.g. DINOv3 for image). Only a small set of adapter parameters is trained, preserving pretrained features while adapting to real-vs.-fake discrimination.
• Reinforcement learning: Applied in the training pipeline to optimize for the combined benchmark metric (MCC + Brier), encouraging both discriminative accuracy and calibrated probability outputs.

Data preprocessing

• Image: Decode to RGB, resize (shortest edge or fixed size), optional center crop; DeeperForensics-style augmentations (JPEG compression, blur, noise, color) at multiple levels during evaluation; no normalization in pipeline (model does /255 and ImageNet mean/std in forward).
• Video: Frame extraction (Decord), fixed number of frames and FPS; same resize/crop and augmentation strategy as images; stored as NumPy (e.g. .npy) or compressed (.npy.zst) with optional local decode cache for fast training.
• Audio: Resampling, fixed-duration windows, optional preprocessed waveforms (e.g. .pt); pipeline supports raw bytes or precomputed tensors.

Datasets are defined in YAML (path, modality, media_type, format, sampling). The benchmark downloads and caches data, and supports dataset-balanced and weighted sampling for training.

Core challenges addressed

1. Generalization vs. memorization
   Head-only or heavy fine-tuning led to strong train/val accuracy but poor performance on unseen holdout datasets (especially unseen real domains). Mitigations: frozen or lightly tuned backbones (LayerNorm-only or LoRA), geometry-based temporal features (ReStraV), small classifiers, and training across many datasets and generators.

2. Calibration
   The combined score heavily weights Brier, so overconfident wrong predictions are costly. We use Brier-aware loss (e.g. Focal CE + Brier), learnable temperature/bias (e.g. LogitCalibrator), and optional temperature sweep on a calibration set.

3. Balance on public benchmarks
   Good performance on both public and (simulated or actual) holdout data is required. We use dataset-balanced sampling, focus on worst-performing datasets, and strict train/val and cross-dataset evaluation to avoid overfitting to a few sources.

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Repository layout

Path	Description
external/gasbench	Benchmark package: dataset loading, preprocessing, metrics, CLI (gasbench run, gasbench download, etc.).
alternative_models/	Training and export code: dinov2 (video, GenD-style), restrav (video, ReStraV-style), and references for image (DINOv3) and audio (BreathNet).
docs/	Additional documentation (model spec, installation, dataset analysis).

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Quick start

Install

git clone <this-repo>
cd detection-tool
./install.sh

Optional: ./install.sh --no-system-deps to skip system dependencies if you only need the benchmark and Python env.

Run benchmarks

Activate the environment and run the benchmark with a model directory (must contain model_config.yaml, model.py, and *.safetensors):

source .venv/bin/activate

# Image
gasbench run --image-model ./path/to/image_model/ --debug

# Video
gasbench run --video-model ./path/to/video_model/ --debug

# Audio
gasbench run --audio-model ./path/to/audio_model/ --debug

# Full run (all datasets)
gasbench run --image-model ./path/to/image_model/ --full

Results are written to the configured results directory (e.g. JSON, parquet, summary).

Train (example: ReStraV-style video)

From the ReStraV folder, using CSVs and a data root (e.g. mounted cloud storage):

cd alternative_models/restrav
python train_restrav.py \
  --train-csv ../dinov2/train.csv \
  --val-csv ../dinov2/val_eval.csv \
  --data-root /mnt/your_data \
  --output-dir checkpoints/restrav \
  --epochs 10 --batch-size 32

See alternative_models/restrav/README.md and alternative_models/dinov2/README.md for full training and export instructions.

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Model format (submission)

Each modality’s model is a directory (or zip of that directory) with:

• model_config.yaml — Preprocessing (e.g. resize: [224, 224]), num_classes: 2, optional weights_file.
• model.py — Defines load_model(weights_path, num_classes=2) returning a torch.nn.Module; forward(x) returns logits [B, 2].
• *.safetensors — Weights loaded by load_model.

Inputs from the pipeline are float32 in 0–255; the model must normalize inside forward. See external/gasbench/docs/Safetensors.md for the full specification and allowed imports.

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References

• ReStraV-style video: Frozen backbone + trajectory geometry (stepwise distances, curvature) + MLP — see alternative_models/restrav/.
• GenD-style video: LayerNorm-only tuning of DINOv2 + temporal transformer — see alternative_models/dinov2/.
• Evaluation and datasets: external/gasbench/, external/gasbench/docs/IMAGE_DATASETS_V11_V12_ANALYSIS.md.
• Multi-modal summary: alternative_models/RESUME_TECH_SUMMARY.md.